博弈之形，纵横之道

Mouse/Skype Phone Combo

2006-05-21T13:28:00.001+08:00

eBay将Rapleaf链接列入黑名单

2006-05-21T13:28:00.000+08:00

SkypeOut实现美/加之间免费通话

2006-05-21T13:27:00.002+08:00

Getting Real 再次启动

2006-05-21T13:27:00.001+08:00

个人PayPal(贝宝)计费器

2006-05-21T13:27:00.000+08:00

Ruby on Rails全景开发:Depot(3)界面优化

2006-05-19T19:52:00.001+08:00

Ruby on Rails全景开发:Depot(3)界面优化

Ruby/Rails命名规则

2006-05-19T19:52:00.000+08:00

Ruby on Rails全景开发:Depot.参考资料列表

2006-05-19T19:51:00.003+08:00

Ruby on Rails全景开发:Depot.参考资料列表

Ruby on Rails全景开发:Depot(2) 产品管理

2006-05-19T19:51:00.002+08:00

Ruby on Rails全景开发:Depot(2) 产品管理

Ruby on Rails全景开发:Depot(1) 概述

2006-05-19T19:51:00.001+08:00

IBM:使用Rails进行敏捷Web开发

2006-05-19T19:51:00.000+08:00

FW：Ajax基础配置 ? XMLHttpRequest

2006-05-19T19:50:00.000+08:00

更好地在Windwos服务器上面铺设Rails

2006-05-18T17:08:00.003+08:00

12个顶极的 Ruby on Rails 教程

2006-05-18T17:08:00.002+08:00

图解Windows下安装RubyonRails

2006-05-18T17:08:00.001+08:00

Ruby语言简介

2006-05-18T17:08:00.000+08:00

Programming Ruby 中文翻译

2006-05-18T17:07:00.004+08:00

Why Rails?

2006-05-18T17:07:00.003+08:00

《Agile Web Development with Rails》第二版

2006-05-18T17:07:00.002+08:00

《Agile Web Development with Rails》第二版

FW: Java / Ruby on Rails两种框架比较

2006-05-18T17:07:00.001+08:00

FW: Java / Ruby on Rails两种框架比较

为Wordpress引入Ajax Comments 完美解决方案

2006-05-18T17:07:00.000+08:00

为Wordpress引入Ajax Comments 完美解决方案

Oracle全力支持Ruby on Rails

2006-05-18T17:06:00.000+08:00

Ajax Security

2006-05-10T05:52:00.000+08:00

Ajax Wordpress Theme

2006-04-29T00:03:00.000+08:00

Ajax Wordpress Theme from Bizwiki

Round Conner Google Adsense Code

2006-04-24T03:58:00.000+08:00

Round Conner Google Adsense Code

为Wordpress引入Ajax Comments 完美解决方案

2006-04-23T03:41:00.000+08:00

为Wordpress引入Ajax Comments 完美解决方案

Inserting ajax Comments reply system into wordpress, A perfect solution .

Investment by 2006 Eve

2006-02-13T18:40:00.000+08:00

Up to now, I find three projects to be invested in 2006.

1. Training project signed with “GC” & “HBM” Last year, which continued thought the year round. What I’ll get from the project are the following:

-- Experiences in running a totally self control project for such Wally customers and partners. I used to act as an onsite trainer in previous training projects, but this time I assign the role to other talent trainers and act as a sales, project manager and business negotiator. It’s a totally new experience for me, not only require focusing the quality in training, but also the more important ? handling and response for the cash flow. I made some mistakes and at the same time collected a great rule in doing business during the process, which I call it “To make a good deal, but not only a good selling”. I hope to share with you guys in my later posts.
-- Marked my name in the market. I’ve been great or even superlative in technique training field for the pass 3 years indeed. And I’ve got respect and praise from every one of my trainees too. But as you maybe know, marking your name in the market is another area of marking only in your trainees. One is on a personal level, and one is on a business level. I cherish with the friendship and relationship that established between each of my adorable students and me. And if I choose training as the way in running my business, then I have to expand the relationships to another area.
-- Cash margin for my company, of course. This contact leads 6 months long, as I mentioned before, mistakes making by me lead the margin drop to around 13%. Cash proceeds may be less than 5%. It maybe a galling deal to others, that why I announce it on this low-level order.
-- Another new contact from the same client and partner this year is coming nearly in months. I’m not 100% sure I will sign for this, but man is living upon expectation, isn’t? By then, I have to recount the challenge, time, and risk again, but apparently, its insignificance talking deeper here by now.

So, what’s the challenge? --
A 0.036m payment is waiting to be liquidated these few days. And I’m looking forward to dividing the bill into two pieces in paying process. Yes, I do. I will finish the payment as my first investment this year.

2. New operation for my business. I will try to find chances in the ASP market in 2006. Yes, it’s a misty model here. I still have no idea about the invest budget yet, because before doing this, I have to rebuild my team in this project. I hope it won’t surprise you if I tell you I am not very clear what an ASP have to do. Ha, the only thing I am thinking about is the IT outsourcing trend.

3. Building certification organization. Yes, the toughest one. But, adhere to the sequence; let’s talk about what I’ll get from the project first:

-- High self-fulfillment and self-identity. Why do we still need a certificate after training? Because we’re lacking of confidence, I straight out ultimate reason here. Can anybody suffice to judge on me if I’m full of confidence? That’s no one. Certification, degree, and qualification, they promote you nothing but psychology significance value. They are just entirely imaginary in substance, have ever heard of any qualification in being a certification organization? If you really heard about it, that must be the capability in their training system which can upgrade one’s ability substantially, but not certification itself. But there is someone who garble these two terms craftily. They mark themselves as a certification organization but never provide eligible training for the trainees. Sharp-cut inverse materials are the universities and education system in some country. They received huge bankroll from the country, and tuition fee from students in various ways. But never provide eligible education for the academician, all they’ve done is certification. Then millions of college graduate with certificate come into being, while which means millions of HR market vagrant have come out. All I want to do is make a little change of this complexion.
-- It accord with the marketing law. “It’s better to be first than it is to be better”. “If you can’t be first in a category, set up a new category you can be first in”. “The most powerful concept in marketing owns a word in the prospect’s mind.”

Then talk about the challenge.
-- The most challenge me is the team member. I don’t think we can get common consciousness in business and corporation. Doing a tough work with guys who cannot be identified with, it seems nothing know from a road which direct to hell.
-- I’m not sure if I have enough time and energy to handle the ASP project at the same time. And I know both may failed if neither is doing in full spirit.

Related Link: Investment by 2006 Eve

Planning for 2006

2006-02-13T18:35:00.000+08:00

It’s time to plan my new investment next year; I used to count the New Year in our own convention, when begins from the Jan 28th this year. It’s not a constant so that we need to re-count the New Year’s Eve in 2007. Ha, it’s not the point.

Make the target clear; it’s the most important coming first, no matter how big the bonuses I will win, or challenges I may face to. It will be suffering if you let both of them be blurry. It’s anguished enough when you’re not sure how much you will be redounded upon conquering the challenges; say nothing of your lean cognition about what you’re going to face indeed. It seems the fortune's wheel is twiddling with you, and challenging you time and time again with hopeless. But who runs your fortune’s wheel? It’s no one else but you. You chose the bonuses first, and then have to face the challenges. There won’t be any challenges as soon as you give up the bonuses you’re expecting. You know what I mean now? So change your focus from the challenge to the chance, asked yourself would you really hope that thing first, and then find the way to reach that point. Telling yourself how long you will work for it comes for the follow. Calculate the challenge, risk, and cost you may be charged with at the last step.

By this moment, you find what you want, how to achieve, how long it will last for, and how much you will pay for it. Ask yourself again if you still want to be even though. Choose your answer. “Yes?” Keep on doing it, and you should not complain about the destiny, you chose it. “No?” give it up, challenges will never appear. Don’t confuse the sequence and neglect your right of choice. Choice is the most distinguished, uncommon rights for a human being. We own our destiny because we choose; we lost our destiny because we’re chosen by others. It’s absolutely what we are strive for all our life.

Related Link: Planning for 2006

Stay in the 5Ws you're

2006-02-13T18:33:00.000+08:00

“You’re not breathing, every time you get in the pressure, and you’re holding your breath. Now stop doing that.” ?? Collected from “Million Dollar Baby”

Almost every day, we face to the pressure, worry, and other negative emotions, more or less. Maybe the guys like me who running self business face more. It may not be helpful if you try to escape from these emotions, or simply tell yourself to be positive. Negative and positive are a coin’s two sides; they come together with our choice for life. The first day I chose to found my own company, then means I chose more fortune (maybe) and more pressure and challenges. Negative emotions come because you chose the other side of the coin. Am I happy for my choice? Yes, I am. So, I will enjoy the elements which my happy choice brings in my life, maybe positive, maybe positive.

I am not talking about how to handle pressure here, you cannot handle pressure, and the only way you stay with it is the only way you stay with your fortune. What’s the way you stay with your fortune? Enjoy it. Yes, so if you can enjoy your fortune, vice versa. Until now, people do not prove whether fortune brings the pressure or pressure brings the fortune. Remember they’re the two sides of a coin, yes?

Life is journey to the mountaintop, there’re ascents and downhill paths on the way long, yes, two sides of the coin. I believe when we get to the mountaintop, the sceneries won’t gap much. We share and enjoy the same sceneries. Things we worth to aftertaste, are the things we fall across only by ourselves. That must be the ascents and downhill paths on the road, and both sides of the coin.

What is the 5Ws you’re?
---- When are you at the moment?
---- Where are you on the earth?
---- Who are you staying with?
---- What are you doing in this very snippet of your life?
---- Why you choose this branch path?

You’re the only one who own them all, so why not have a deep breath, then enjoy to the top of your bent?

Related Link: Stay in the 5Ws you're

A Time tagged "beta"

2006-02-13T18:26:00.000+08:00

Go to google, it's easy to find such many "beta" tags on the site. Gmail "beta", Google Reader "beta", Google Talk "beta"........everything on google tagged "beta" except search engine and blogger, oh thanks god. Well, Ceta may doubt if these are “beta" services or google is just simply a "beta" company? Woo......some guys think google is the god of the internet, if both of the above are approved, can we make a further conclusion that the internet we're connecting on is just a "beta" programme? And how many percents of your life rely on it, that means how many percents of your life is a "beta". It may be an afflictive word. But just search around on the other sites, flickr "beta", msn messenger "beta", Microsoft Windows AntiSpyware "beta".

A time tagged "beta" has come, and may we should develop the new living skill in this new age. When every little thing filled in our life has been tagged "beta", maybe you could call it “Ceta's time age”. :D I also tried a "beta" post yesterday, which used "U" instead of "you" and "U'r" instead of "your", but as you're reading this, I give it up. :)

Every time I developing my new skill on things, I change my view and feeling first, in order to face them fairly. If the "beta" tag makes me uncomfortable, that’s because I identify it as a semi finished article and full of bugs. Think a little deeply, "beta" tag give me no sureness. How to make a break through? -- Re-identify the “beta” tag. The main reason make this popular "beta" tag is nothing but speed, the internet offer the speed for it. Internet is a lab for fangled testing, it provides million of Connors for your fangled, it maybe the fastest way to find out the bugs, and consummate your service by publishing your fangled on the internet for frees (trying for free). It's so fast as to forget picking off the "beta" tag. An idea is converting to be praxis in internet speed. You don’t even need a “beta” code or something, just an good idea, publish to the net, buildup a project, other people will provide you the code, suggestion, and even funds you may need to develop the project.

Then what's the new qualification for a "beta" age? What I do is just simply tagging myself a "beta". When you want to do studies in new fields, are you still planning, discussing, designing, and then make an action schedule? You may do these except you could finish them all in a day. If you insist to the flow processing just as what you are doing in the 4 years college days, forget them all, and just do it. Otherwise you may found the fields are completely disappearing or nothing like what it formerly being when you finish all of your researching. Learning will not be an isolated processing any more; learning will be an integrated processing through out designing, implementation, operation and optimization. You cannot stop learning in this process as you can learn nothing before you start to “beta” this process.

Willing to be a blogger? Then blog it!
Willing to start your own business? Then build it up!
You will learn on the way.

Related Link: A Time tagged "beta"

Other Ways for Browsing BlogSpot.com

2006-02-13T00:40:00.000+08:00

My previous post talked about the best way for browsing blogspot.com, I believe once you find the best way, you won’t try the others any more. But here, I still provide several methods collected from the other sites for you to review. I personally combine different ways simultaneity, because all of them is using proxy browsing for core technique, the most two challenges for a proxy browsing are synchronization with the original and server availability; I’ve met 503 (Service Unavailable) error many times when using “.nyud.net:8090” as you will see below. Sometimes the proxy server may block images which linked from a different site, it happens. So I also recommend you to prepare all these goods for keeping your pleasure in surfing, some ways will be work for other sides at the same time, yet some maybe just fit in browsing blogspot.com, you’ll find.

1. “Ultrasurf 6.9”, a popular tiny soft developed by Ultrareach.Net, it’s a dynamic proxy hunting application provide fast, transparent, and encrypted access to the internet. It hunts for three available proxies at the same time, and you can easily switch between one and the others by mouse clicking, without change the proxy configuration in IE setting. The 6.9 revision is the latest version for IE, if you’re using a “Firfox” or “Opera” browser like me, set the proxy server address to 127.0.0.1 with a 9666 port number, after you lunch Ultrafurf. If you have problems in downloading the soft, because the site is blocked either, remember the “Best Way”? There’re other soft wares in the same mechanism, such as “Freegate” and “Garden”, all of them are good staffs for you.

2. “.nyud.net:8090”, the Coral CDN, it call “The Coral Content Distribution Network” in all and it’s a peer-to-peer content distribution network, comprised of a world-wide network of web proxies and name servers. There are up to 260 servers world-wide now. Accessing through Coral is as simple as appending a short string to the hostname of objects' URLs, such as you can visit CetaMac’S Blog by adding “.nyud.net:8090” behind the URL, which means http://cetamac.blogspot.com will be http://cetamac.blogspot.com.nyud.net:8090. Many bloggers have mentioned this way and I first found it on WebLeOn's Blog, which giving an extension for my Mozilla Firefox browser to access blogspot.com and typepad.com directly from my “right-click” menu but not type a “.nyud.net:8090” postfix every time. Coral CDN provides some other useful plugins for “Searching” and “Book marking”. If a Chinese interface will be your prefer, WebLeOn has been so kind to rework and publish a Chinese version. If you are using IE explorer, my suggestion will be give it up and switch to Firefox, or you can still using your IE but add “.nyud.net:8090” behind the site’s URL in the IE address bar. Pasting below is a real-time “Current Deployment” map for Coral CDN server.

3.”Subscribe with BlogLines”, you can subscribe a blog by entering the feed address or submit the username to BlogLines, which the blogger register on blogger.com. You can find it by first octet of the full blogspot.com URL. For example, you can subscribe Ceta.Mac’S Blog by entering my feed address (http://feeds.feedburner.com/Cetamac) or submit my username which is as same as first octet “cetamac” in my blog’s full URL (http://cetamac.blogspot.com). Certainly, you will find it much easier by a simply click here, and I’d like to say:” Thanks for subscribing my blog.” :)

4. “Tradition” and “Classical” but “Silly” way, find a proxy server, and then let it redirect you to the side. You can find some proxy address on……Oh……come on!! Ignore this Tommy rot.

Related Link: Other Ways for Browsing BlogSpot.com

Best Way for Browsing BlogSpot.com

2006-02-13T00:28:00.000+08:00

Maybe it's hard to imagine, there're places in the world where couldn't open blogspot in normal way. I’m not interested in explaining the reason why blogspot is blocked, but no matter you believe or not, here're some ways for browsing the blogspot, and I use cetamac.blogspot.com for illustrating here. Some ways are collected from internet, you maybe track the links to find out where these places are.

The best way always comes the first: No proxy, no third party soft, no blogger support, Google Language Tools, You can simply use google language tools for translation single word, sentence, or websites, but did you find out it's not only a translation tools, but also a high performance almighty proxy server. Try to do a translation again. Go to google language tools page, input a website address you wish to make translation in the "Translate a web page" tab, and select your translate pair. I used http://cetamac.blogspot.com here, from english to french. Then click the "Translate" button.

Then wait a minute, as you see below, cetamac.blogspot has been translated from english to french. But the point ain't here, the point is we logged into blogspot and browse normally without any third party proxy or software.Yes, I know you would love to view in original language but not in a translated. This time, we choose the translate pair from spanish to english. Let's see what happened? The original page has being presented in your broswer. I leave a gift for yourself to find out here, a more amazing things will happens when you click the "Printable Version" link on the right side of google language bar.

Let's make some more optimization. You don't need to visit google languge every time before you want to visit blogspot. In fact, you could just type the fllowing code in you browser's address bar:

http://www.google.com/translate?langpair=en|en&u=cetamac.blogspot.com

then, you will be take to my blog directly. We make some parameter explain here:
The Blue "en" identifies the oringal language of the website.
The Red "en" identifies the language you would like to translate into.
The Green segment identifies the website you would like to visit.
when both language pair are "en" means you access the website without translation. SO, you could just copy the code above, input the website's url you would love to visit, instead of the green url.

If the website is in chinese, just simply change the "en"s to "zh"s, that's all. Wish you have a smooth highway trip on the internet world.

It's a Velarium for Internet browsing! I posted other ways for browsing blogspot.com right after for this post. But I still recommand you to use google language for browsing, with making a Velarium to protect your browsing freedom all around, as long as you keep browsing in the same browser process. Google Languge will automatically add it's "translate" prefix before the URLs for the translated pages which is out of google's clustering servers. It provides the function for translating the linked page as well you may click from the page you loaded at the first time. It then become the Velarium for Internet browsing.

Related Link: Best Way for Browsing BlogSpot.com

戈森法则（Gossen's Law）

2006-02-12T21:38:00.000+08:00

戈森法则（Gossen's Law）：
1. 同一享乐不断重复，享乐达到饱和点时，其带来的享受次第递减，边际效用递减原理；
2. 同量的享乐不断进行，第一次和第二次所获得的享乐（快感、满足）较大；

岛上最贵重的商品是独木舟，质量一般的独木舟平均价格是950；
各个地区价格有差异，从780到1,100不等；
山药，这种岛民饮食中的次要物品，价格在4到5之间；

使用边际效用理论将推断出以上描述是虚假捏造的，效用(Utility)：是经济学中最常用的概念之一。一般而言，效用是指对于消费者通过消费或者享受闲暇等使自己的需求、欲望等得到的满足的一个度量。边际效用（Marginal Utility, MU）可以定义为，在其他情况不变的情况下，消费者通过增加一个单位的商品i的消费导致的效用的增加量。

山药是一种不经常吃的很便宜的商品，而独木舟则是大件商品。买一个独木舟要花去家庭收入的很大一部分。

根据上面的描述，山药的价格变化范围（25％）要比独木舟（41％）的价格变化范围要小。但是如果消费者最大限度实现他们的效用，这种差异应该是相反的。山药的价格变化范围应该比独木舟的价格变化范围要大。那是效用最大化原理可以预测的结果。

如果岛民是效用最大化者，那么他会不停寻找更低的价格，直到寻找到的另一个更低的价格所节省下来的钱与这次寻找花费的成本等同时。到了那个时候，都不会再去寻找下一个卖方了，而会从已经报出最低价的这个卖方那里买下这件商品。事实是：如果去另外一个地方寻找另外一个卖方节省下来的价格差异超过了寻找花费的成本，这个岛民在这次搜寻中是有收获的。而另一方面，如果可能的收入少于额外寻找的成本，那么岛民不再寻找反而会有所收获。

因此，当岛民要购买像独木舟这样的大件商品时，为了寻找更低的价格，他所花费的时间肯定要比买一件像山药这样经常用的、便宜的商品所用的时间多。买独木舟时，节省1％可能就是11；而山药呢，节省1％只有0.5。

如果卖独木舟的人想以比他的竞争者相对高很多的价格卖给顾客，那么大多数顾客会继续去其他地方寻找一个更划算的交易。可卖山药的人却不一样。顾客更愿意不再去寻找更低的价格，因为从寻找另外的山药商人中节省下来的钱相对来说少多了。

当软饮料放在自动售货机里面时，你只能够获得你付了钱的那罐可乐；然而当自动售货机销售的时报纸的时候，把硬币丢进去以后，整个一堆报纸都出来了；意味着你可以拿到除了你已经付了钱的那份报纸以外更多份的报纸。为什么要采用不同的科技手段来销售软饮料（可乐）跟报纸呢？

因为报纸有一种极快速的边际效用递减。一旦你得到一份今天的报纸，它立刻就没有什么边际效用了。你仅仅只会取走一份报纸，即便投入同样的硬币你可以得到一打报纸。但是，出售可乐的人需要一个更为复杂的机器来阻止你多得到一罐可乐。这是因为你今天没有喝的饮料可以明天再喝，甚至明年再喝。这就是边际效用递减原理所解释的我们发放出售的这些商品时采用不同的科技手段。

相关术语:
边际效用, Marginal Utility, 戈森法则, Gossen's Law

All about the Years, Early Days in S21

2006-02-12T01:38:00.000+08:00

Yah, time is limited, and I have to speed up this track record for the old memories. I delayed several days at home to finish this, and it has to be done because memories are assets that increase its value as the time goes by, but easy to lose if you don’t mark it down. By the other side, and it has to be finished soon too, because man doesn’t live in memories. We’re live in current, expecting for the future, and enjoying in our memory collections.

The early days in S21 may be the most importance in my last 25 years. It changed me much. I admit I a person with planning, everything should be under management, or I would feel frailest. Confirmation, yes, tag of my life. I nurtured this habit, because too much in life is out of what you planned before. Unimaginable situation come into your handling any time, such as my trip to S21. I don’t remember why I chose for it, maybe I’ve never thought about why not. I like that city when I’m so young, but it’s regretful I hate there right now. I didn’t plan what exactly I will get there, and what I may meet there. The only thing I planned before I go through the boarding gate is planning to stay about half of year, and I come back my hometown after 2 year later. Anything else? Just follow the stream of destiny. My friends think I get successful in S21, I agree with them mostly. But what I want to explain is I’ve never image of this. No planning, no expecting and even no courage because I know nothing to scare, is contained in it. I setup the G20 branch and a steady-going around 50,000 sales for the company that time. I personally wage is 2,200 for last 6 months, but will be soon nearly 1,800 per month, I guess for it of course. If I went to S21, the totally unpredictable place, I may lose what I shall get. I point out this opportunity cost calculation just by now. But at that time, I made the decision no longer than 15 seconds, and then I was paid 22,000 after three months later. Thing is just unlikely to be such hard as you think. Yes, the most valuable experience I learned from it, and I have to say it’s a beta carving out, and a gift from destiny. Something I learned, some guys I met should be logged down for this amazing journey.

What I brought with me to fund new branch company in S21?
So many friends ask for this question. Ok. 15,000 cash, my IBM i1900 series desktop and a big traveling case with full of clothing and a package of disks, these were all I brought to S21. Ah, and one air tickets. Cash had been spent out the third week I had been there. I don’t remember where the big traveling case is now. And I have changed my notebook to a new X40 series one year ago. This post maybe this only thing let me think of the days. Those tough days seem unworthily to be mentioned now. It proves the words once more, the good would pass, so as the bad. It’s nothing to be surprised my cash dried up not long I arrived S21, most for the rent. We used to pay a month than plus another for mortgaging, yet in S21, they pay 3 months once than plus another more for mortgaging. So if something I would tell you here, figure out the renting custom of your target region if you plan to do the same thing as I did. Otherwise, you may starve to death. The tenth day was my 23 birthday, I brought a snack cost 5, finished the meal in 5 minutes, and then went back to work. The headquarters in S755 noticed the mistake of the budget, but they kept silence. Now that they didn’t give me any assistance, I won’t beg for it either, that’s me. So, I had to make the first deal, and receive the payment as quickly as I can.

How I got my first incoming payment in S21?
We contacted several clients before my arriving, so I contacted them as soon as I move in the new company. My first customer was a faltering guy who came to me few times for consultation, but still kept his payment. I realized I’d to give him a push, or he may keep his enquiry for whole year. Sometimes, you have to make decisions for the customers. I phoned him to make a break through, and straightly asked him to take money to my company next day. That’s all, the next day; I received the first part of payment. I phoned all of my fellows about this that night. And my company, just like Forrest Gump’s shrimp ship, started to be lucky. I remitted 100,000 back for the headquarters a months later; afterward I knew that it was the 100,000 saving the headquarters from crisis.

I slept well twice in the period.
One of my best friend in college, Anyoo; he went to S21 after his graduate. I had time to ask him out for dinner after the branch got in the path. Actually I don’t remember what I talked with him that night, no more than keep repining I believe. We drank some beer on the table, and then I slept beside the dishes. I found it out when Anyoo woke me up by gingerly touching my hand. Ah, I knew I had been tired. If I knew that’s the last time I meet him in these 3 years, I would never gone to sleep or no more whine in our conversation. I miss this brother; I could find mercy from his eyes. No matter how strong a man could be, he has a weak moment. So there’s nothing to be afraid of my competitor, all I have to find out are the moment and the places which make it being weaker. The other time is my mom came to the city for biz trip. I had a good dream in her hotel room. Such a good dream I ever have, whiling sleeping with my mother.

Money would not take me to the top of life, but achievement does.
The most unforgettable scene presented in Jan. 2004. From late Nov. 2003 through the year to early Jan. 2004 must be nightmare and darkest time for the ZZIE candidate. A new version of laboratory testing theme made hundred of them failed at the first attempt, which cost more than $1,250 once. About 5 candidate trained by me failed either. There wasn’t a single night for me to sleep well at that moment. I went back to S755 to synchronistic the solutions with the engineers in headquarters, and brought back for my players, but the result seemed I was doing useless. I decided to give up all the pre solutions and tested myself. I designed a totally crazy solution for the next player, and I asked him to choose which to be provided in the real lab examination. He chose mine. I waited for the result online at the night he took the exam. I remembered clearly that he passed at his first attempt, by my solution that night at 3:30 am. Yeah, he must gonna be the first one who passed and got certification in this version by the first attempt all over the world. You can’t image how exciting I’m that night. I went out alone, brought some bottles of beer, and drank on the street. Every time I think about this, I still can repeat that frame of mind at the moment even now. Now, the professor had changed his job to be a HP consultant.

How about my 3,000/month and 2,000/month rented house? I lived in where I worked in the early days. But I had to find somewhere new, because Nicole my current girlfriend came to live with me after the New Year festival 2004. I rented a house near my company with no more than 50 square meters and cost 3,000/month. It’s a high class mansion in the city. A really nice house contained much of my braw memories. I moved out from there after I leave my company, and rented a cheaper house because I couldn’t afford the rent which increased up to 3,300 at that time. A Korean moved in. Nicole was an insurance broker earned no more than 1,000 per month but she still could not find enough time to have a rest. So, after we moved in the new house, I started to help her with some house keeping work and decide to lead a simple life. Yes, I really meant life. I used to believe I would have a good life after being rich. I didn’t look the days in the branch as part of my life, I always thought that was a temporary period, and my life would begin since……the company be built up? But it has been built up, and it had already been the leader in the region. Since when? I have no idea because I didn’t understand that was no way of a temporary period but just was the life of mine, the life I chose. No matter what you’re doing, you must wake up that is your life, and try to find funs in it to make it an enjoyable life. Never think about how I will covert into after this. I am what I am. Face to it and plan for it. Even I spent more time sitting on the sofa than going outside for biz in 2005. I burn my life every single second, make it blooming as the fireworks.

Glory and disgrace I had got become the memories I treasure up. As the song sings, where the destiny will lead me to, will the next stop be good or will be bad; the answer is blowin’ in the wind. I just coordinate all the passed memories, then keep my walking and prepare for justice of the future road.

How many roads must a man walk down before they call him a man?
How many seas must a white dove sail before she sleeps in the sand?
How many times must the canon balls fly before they're forever banned?

The answer, my friend, is blowin' in the wind
The answer is blowin' in the wind.

How many years must a mountain exist before it is washed to the sea?
How many years can some people exist before they're allowed to be free?
How many times can a man turn his head and pretend that he just doesn't see?

The answer, my friend, is blowin' in the wind
The answer is blowin' in the wind.

How many times must a man look up before he can see the sky?
How many ears must one man have before he can hear people cry?
How many deaths will it take till he knows that too many people have died?

The answer, my friend, is blowin' in the wind
The answer is blowin' in the wind.

The answer is blowin' in the wind.

All about the Years, Frustration in Love

2006-02-12T01:37:00.000+08:00

If you don’t obtain what you want, it means you’ll be given a better one. by Antony Robinson.

I knew my last girlfriend Karman when I’m on the college, grade 2. She acted as the most important woman in my early life, about 3 years before Nov. 2003. And no matter what to be talking about; she connected everything in that period. She’s some kind of the girl I like to stay with, and some kind of the girl who filled my memory with sweet. Though maybe unhappiess was more in praxis.

I could not help myself in escaping from the very moment at the way she woke me up. I’m sure you’ll laugh out and feel lucky to own such a lovely girlfriend as me, when you find it out. There’s one time, while I was still sleeping and enjoying my dream, all things what I saw are the dreaming frames. But suddenly, the frames lost, and whole of my eye was filled with another big and dark shining eye! Oh, I remembered that must be Karman’s eyes, she always woke up before I did. But, why I could see nothing else but her eyes in the dream, in such a wide screen? I tried to open both of my eyes; do you know what I saw? Karman was propping up my eye by her finger, and covering her eye on mine! I wasn’t in dream right now. I asked her why. She told me that when I was dreaming, she saw my eyes was turning from left to right, and up to down, she’s curiously wanted to know what I was dreaming about. That’s all why she opened my eye. It’s lucky that she didn’t realize the dreams are generate by my brain but not the eyes at the moment, I’m not sure she would open my skull if she did. :)

Yes, all my memory thought that every day with her was honey moon day. She has the magic that can easily emblaze every single boring day, by a small motion, a simple word, and an expression in her eyes on me. We rented a house not far from our university that time. My part-time job earned around 1,500 to 2,000 per month; but we didn’t get enough money for hiring tax home, or even a motor. Usually, we take a bus two or three stops went home. Our first property is a National automatic washing machine and a water heater, which cost more than 1,500 in all. With other spending, we had to plan the meal cost. We arranged that go to restaurant once a week, and snacked in the other days. Yes, under Karman’s scheme, we saved 10,000 in bank for wedding later, at least I was thinking in this way. I didn’t need to work every night, when I stay at home, I would buy snack and wait for her coming back from school, and then we have our supper together. The food was cook in greasiness, a frequent comportment between us are gluing our two oily lips together. Ha, it was sucks, but we were feeling treacle in it. And when I went out for work, she would clean the house before I back home. Every night, we talked about the whole day, I sometimes brought beer and play games with her. I remember the game we play most named “Being Richest under the sky, three”. And we placed a cushion in front of the kitchen room, marked “home, sweet home”. It was a little noise at night, dogs shouted and our there’s a open air tiny dining-room under our house, the customer in the dinning-room often eat so late to break in on our sleeping. She got angry for this sometime, and I would gently flap her back to make her sleep again. So much fragment in my memory and they build my happiest days in our college time.

After graduate, she became an entertainment journalist for one of the biggest newspaper in our city, G20, and earning 5,000 or maybe more per month. And I start to setup my company. It’s hard to log all what we’ve done in that 3 years, from 2001 to 2003. She left me before our 3 years commemorating day, the third month I arrived S21, in telephone. We phone several times later, but haven’t sawn each other after that, up to now.

Related Links: All about the Years, Frustration in Love on CetaMac'S Blog

All about the Years. Was 2005 a corner?

2006-02-12T01:27:00.000+08:00

I wrote this topic before, but it is interrupted by some reasons. Well, I’ve though about writing with some other one together with whom I share most of this exciting and unforgettable memories. Ha, time changed, just as man’s characters and relationships. In the circumstances, I rewrite this myself. Yes, I’ve to learn to face and handle everything by oneself first, and then I could call up others to build the team. Otherwise, there’s no one would lie on me.

I felt so lucky the last several years before 2004. I earned my first 10,000 when I was still in the college; I became one of the top technical instructors when I was 22; I cannot wait to setup my owned company before graduate; I then found the branch in a totally unacquainted city all by myself. After 18 months, when I leave it, the branch has become the regional leader in the biz area. Except for the fortune, I though I climbed to the top of the life.

However, the 2005; it has been a tough year for me. I was traded out and I broke away from the company I setup. And I leave the city where I earned my first bucket of gold, much more than the standard in universalism. I tried to setup another company in another field, but just met stagnancy. I have to say: I am hurt, so completely. I left no more than 3,000 in the neap period, in the habitual but still strange city. Yeah, thanks for my affectionate wife stay with me to counterwork with the life. And I think about this guy:

I started to doubt if it’s the end of luck, or just like an old friend said: one blow will tumble you for years. I remember these words in deep of my heart. That’s why I keep walking even achieved my elementary ambition when others cannot believe I made it in such age. I told myself getting more and working harder in my days, so I will get deposit in adversity. The question gonna to 2005 was really the corner for me?

Ha… Of course not, did you recently see the Reebok’s advertisement acted by Iverson? Ah, how long we’ve forgot this brand? And how long it has been, when we though about the sports article, only Nick and Adidas would come into our mind. Now, Reebok come back, with being beaten black and blue. Ha, I judged from the advertisement. Yes, black and blue or red and green is not the point, the point is even being beaten black, blue, red and green, it still comes back to us. It rises to its feet again.

I am what I am, and I would love to say I am where I am.
Frustrations make me pullulating from a lucky boy to be ripeness as a man, and injury tag the man as a warrior. 2005 was a corner for me, a corner in the line of my life as if a "√"

Related Links: All about the Years. Was 2005 a Corner? on CetaMac'S Blog

经典的囚徒困境

2006-02-10T21:20:00.000+08:00

囚徒困境是一个非零和博弈，
这个例子非常漂亮地证明了：在一个非零和博弈中，帕累托最优和纳什均衡是相冲突的，而理性就是自私。

经典的囚徒困境叙述如下：

A、B两个嫌疑犯被警方逮捕了。警方没有足够的证据确定他们有罪，在把两人分开关押之后，分别和他们见面，并提供相同的选择：如果其中一个作证检举（见同案犯提供的证据）另外一个，而另外一个保持沉默的话，这个沉默的同谋将被判处整整10年监禁，背叛者将被释放。若两个人都保持沉默，警方只能给每个人6个月的轻微指控。如果两个人都背叛对方，他们都将被判处2年监禁。

用表格概述如下：

	囚徒A保持沉默	囚徒A背叛
囚徒B保持沉默	两个人都服刑6个月	囚徒B服刑10年&囚徒A获得自由
囚徒B背叛	囚徒A服刑10年&囚徒B获得自由	两个人都服刑2年

当一个囚徒假定他们俩都自私自利，要将自身的监禁期限缩至最短时，困境就出现了。每个囚徒有两个选择：与同谋合作，保持沉默；或者背叛同谋，供出证据。每种选择的结果都依赖于同谋的选择。但是，任何一个囚徒都不知道他的同谋的选择。即使他们能交谈，亦无人能肯定相信对方。

让我们来设想故事中的囚徒理性地做出他的最佳选择。如果他的同伴保持沉默，他的最佳选择是背叛，因为这样他能获得自由，而不是得到轻微6个月的判决。如果他的同伴背叛，他的最佳选择仍然是背叛，因为背叛他只需监禁2年而非10年。同样地，另一个囚徒的理性思考也会导致相同的结论，并因而选择背叛。

一个囚徒选择合作将是不理性的，即使他能肯定另一个囚徒会合作。如果从团体（两个囚徒组成）的最优利益来考虑，正确的结论将是两个囚徒彼此合作，因为这将使他们的总监禁时间减少到1年。任何其他的结果都将比两个囚徒的合作要差。然而，由于每个人都只追求他们的个人利益，两个囚徒都得到了更长的判决，这实际既伤害了团体的利益，也伤害了他们的个人利益。

非零和博弈（Non Zero SUM）：describes a situation in which a participant's gain or loss is exactly balanced by the losses or gains of the other participant(s). It is so named because when the total gains of the participants are added up, and the total losses is subtracted then they will sum to zero. Chess is an example of a zero-sum game - it is impossible for both players to win. Zero-sum is a special case of a more general constant sum where the benefits and losses to all players sum to the same value. Cutting a cake is zero- or constant-sum because taking a larger piece reduces the amount of cake available for others. Situations where participants can all gain or suffer together, such as a country with an excess of bananas trading with another country for their excess of apples, where both benefit from the transaction, are referred to as non-zero-sum.

纳什均衡（Nash equilibrium）：又称为非合作博弈均衡，是博弈论的一个重要术语。在一个博弈过程中，无论对方的策略选择如何，当事人一方都会选择某个确定的策略，则该策略被称作支配性策略。支配性策略又称为优势策略（dominant Strategy）一个博弈当中，无论对手采取什么策略，你若有几个策略，而其中一个策略可以使你得到比采取其他策略更好的结果，那么，这个策略就是你的优势策略。如果两个博弈的当事人的策略组合分别构成各自的支配性策略，那么这个组合就被定义为纳什均衡。一个策略组合被称为纳什均衡，当每个博弈者的均衡策略都是为了达到自己期望收益的最大值，与此同时，其他所有博弈者也遵循这样的策略。

帕累托最优（Pareto Optimality）：指资源分配的一种理想状态，假定固有的一群人和可分配的资源，从一种分配状态到另一种状态的变化中，在没有使任何人境况变坏的前提下，使得至少一个人变得更好，这就是帕累托改进或帕累托最优化。帕累托最优的状态就是不可能在有更过的帕累托改进的余地；换句话说，帕累托改进是达到帕累托最优的路径和方法。帕累托最优是公平与效率的“理想王国”。帕累托改进是指一种变化，在没有使任何人境况变坏的前提下，使得至少一个人变得更好。一方面，帕累托最优是指没有进行帕累托改进的余地的状态；另一方面，帕累托改进是达到帕累托最优的路径和方法。一般来说，达到帕累托最优时，会同时满足以下3个条件：
1. 交换最优：即使再交易，个人也不能从中得到更大的利益。此时对任意两个消费者，任意两种商品的边际替代率是相同的，且两个消费者的效用同时得到最大化。
2. 生产最优：这个经济体必须在自己的生产可能性边界上。此时对任意两个生产不同产品的生产者，需要投入的两种生产要素的边际技术替代率是相同的，且两个消费者的产量同时得到最大化。
3. 产品混合最优：经济体产出产品的组合必须反映消费者的偏好。此时任意两种商品之间的边际替代率必须与任何生产者在这两种商品之间的边际产品转换率相同。

相关术语:
非零和博弈, Non Zero SUM, 纳什均衡, Nash equilibrium, 帕累托最优, Pareto Optimality

囚徒困境

2006-02-09T17:30:00.000+08:00

Prisoner's dilemma, in Game Theory, is a type of Non Zero SUM Game in which two players try to get rewards from a banker by cooperating with or betraying the other player.

In which two players try to get rewards from a banker by cooperating with or betraying the other player. In this game, as in many others, it is assumed that the primary concern of each individual player ("prisoner") is self-regarding; i.e., trying to maximise his own advantage, with less concern for the well-being of the other players.

First, it identifies the natural purposes of game. Let’s think about the “negotiation”, a familiar concept we talk about here and there, actually it’s a form of extrinsic behaviors of the game. But so not much people understand what is an effective negotiation means. Some think negotiation means speaking out what you want to say, and encourage other to speak out theirs. A better answer will be to know what other wants and bring out what I want. These must be rockets. They believe “negotiation” is a processing, but in fact, it’s a purpose. Achieve the target is the essential the game, and negotiation. It’s nothing to be negotiated and no need to game if you didn’t have a clear and specific purpose at the very beginning. We all admit that we do something for purpose, but we usually forget what our targets are, during the course. Then makes “negotiation” convert into “conversation”; or “Chat” if you planned to do negotiate on MSN. “Negotiation” means the way in which you get what you want and let others do what you want them to do. Yes, thought about negotiator, what is Roman's target? To rescue the hostage, that's all what he want. So he chats with the hijacker in order to distract him from the hostage, then shootes on him. This is a successful negotiation, sometimes the crucial factors ain't sentences but actions.

It can be point out clearly, now only the behaviors contain the competition or the antagonism archery target behavior lead to game behaviors. The parties joined in the game take on different purpose or benefits with one and each others. Game theory studies decisions that are made in an environment where various players interact. In other words, game theory studies choice of optimal behavior when costs and benefits of each option are not fixed, but depend upon the choices of other individuals. Yes, in this term, we play games every moment, in every where. Game Theory is just the mathematics theory and technique that studies strategic situations where players choose different actions in an attempt to maximize their returns.

In the prisoner's dilemma, cooperating is strictly dominated by defecting, so the only possible equilibrium for the game is for all players to defect. In simpler terms, no matter what the other player does, one player will always get a greater payoff by playing defect. Since in any situation playing defect is more beneficial than cooperating, all rational players will play defect.

In any kind of the game, no matter what the strategy other player choose, if a player still have a better strategy to choose for a better payment, then we have to say the strategy he chose is Strictly Inferior. Because he made violation for the fundamental purpose of the game, to maximize his individual returns in playing the game, as we talked earlier before. A rational player will never choose a Strictly Inferior strategy. In prisoner's dilemma, defecting makes cooperating being a Strictly Inferior strategy. So the only possible equilibrium for the game is for all players to defect. In simpler terms, no matter what the other player does, one player will always get a greater payoff by playing defect. Since in any situation playing defect is more beneficial than cooperating, all rational players will play defect. The unique equilibrium for this game does not lead to a Pareto-optimal solution, which means all player involved in the game will play defect.

Let me explain a little more detail here. There’s conflict exist between the Total Rewards and Personal Rewards while choosing a cooperating or defecting solution. In a both side cooperating solution, the may maximize their total rewards, but the point is it’s not an averagely allocation for every single player. Thought we mentioned the concept of “Strictly Inferior”, which make players defecting so that he received a greater payment from it. And if you integrate psychology into our game theory, an unbalanced allocation is the root of defecting. People care about how much the other gets, more than how much he has been paid actually.

We assume the total reward goes to be 10 in this cooperating solution, and then we suppose the allocation proportion goes to be an unequal 4:6. Then the player paid 4 would choose to defect, maybe 5 for his defecting. On the opposite side, the player had paid 6 now lose partial benefits because of being defected by the other; a frequently used parameter for this “Being Defected Publish” is 0/1.

The unique equilibrium for this game does not lead to a Pareto-optimal solution. That is, when two rational players both play defect even though the total reward (the sum of the reward received by the two players) would be greater if they both played cooperate. In equilibrium, each prisoner chooses to defect even though both would be better off by cooperating. This is the dilemma.

Under this circumstance, Total Rewards become less, but it’s nothing important in the game. The importance is the one play defecting gains more rewards than playing cooperating. When both sides comprehend they can gain more by playing defecting but not cooperating, they will all play defecting. That’s why in the prisoner's dilemma, cooperating is strictly dominated by defecting. The ultimately purpose in the game is trying to maximize individual benefit, but absolutely not to maximize the SUM.

In the iterated prisoner's dilemma the game is played repeatedly. Thus each player has an opportunity to "punish" the other player for previous non-cooperative play. Cooperation may then arise as an equilibrium outcome. The incentive to cheat may then be overcome by the threat of punishment, leading to the possibility of a cooperative outcome. As the number of iterations approaches infinity, the Nash equilibrium tends to the Pareto optimum.

Am I just talking about a 1+1=2 equation?

It could be because defect seems to be the only choose unless the game will be kept recycle again and again. You defect once; others would “pay you back” in the next round. Of both you two keep defecting each other all the rounds, you both minimize your SUM rewords, and you lose the game.

相关术语:
囚徒困境, prisoner_dilemma

Related Links: Prisoner's dilemma on CetaMac'S Blog

《心经》经题要释 - “波罗密多”

2006-02-09T12:47:00.000+08:00

斌宗法师

般若波罗密多心经

唐三藏法师玄奘译

观自在菩萨，行深般若波罗密多时，照见五蕴皆空，度一切苦厄。舍利子！色不异空，空不异色，色即是空，空即是色；受想行识，亦复如是。舍利子！是诸法空相：不生不灭，不垢不净，不增不减。是故空中无色，无受想行识。无眼耳鼻舌身意；无色声香味触法。无眼界，乃至无意识界。无无明，亦无无明尽；乃至无老死，亦无老死尽。无苦集灭道。无智，亦无得。以无所得故！菩提萨陀，依般若波罗密多故，心无挂碍，无挂碍故，无有恐怖，远离颠倒、梦想，究竟涅磐。三世诸佛，依般若波罗密多故，得阿耨多罗三藐三菩提！故知般若波罗密多，是大神咒，是大明咒，是无上咒，是无等等咒。能除一切苦！真实不虚！故说般若波罗密多咒，即说咒曰：揭谛，揭谛，波罗揭谛，波罗僧揭谛，菩提娑婆诃！

波罗密多：也是一种梵语，含有四义：一、波罗译为彼岸，密多译为到，合言之为彼岸到，顺语应云到彼岸。二、译为度无极。三、译为远离。四、译为究竟。

一、 ‘到彼岸’者，这是一种比喻：如过渡者，须乘舟筏，从这边的此岸，渡过中流而到达那边的彼岸；以喻众生的沉迷，当仗般若以度脱之。说明白一点，此岸喻生死，中流喻烦恼，般若喻舟筏，彼岸喻涅磐（涅磐，待下文解释，总之即解脱的意思）。众生被三惑烦恼所迷，以致沉沦生死苦海，现在如果想求度脱的话，就不得不借仗般若的功力去灭除烦恼，以了脱生死的痛苦，获到究竟涅磐的安乐！所谓乘般若船渡过三重烦恼的中流，顿超生死众苦的此岸，直上涅磐安乐的彼岸。此外还可作另一种的比喻：大海喻三界轮回之处，海水喻众苦，众生坠落轮回，备受众苦，仿佛和那沉溺大海里的人所受的痛苦一样，以其世间痛苦充满，正如大海的水深广无涯，故以苦海喻之。沉溺水里的人，是刻不容缓地，当急求船只的济渡，以登安稳的彼岸；受生死轮回的我们，要是不愿长此沉沦的话，则当速求度脱！古云： ‘苦海茫茫，回头是岸’，般若是救度人们出生死苦海，到安乐彼岸的大慈航！众生迷了本性，沉溺烦恼生死苦海中，今赖般若开示之，使其认识本有真心，而获到解脱；正如靠了船只渡出苦海而登彼岸似的。总之，能断烦恼，了生死，证涅磐，就是彼岸。此岸乃众生作业受苦之处，彼岸是诸佛菩萨究竟解脱之地。菩萨以法空智，乘无相船，由生死的此岸，到达涅磐的彼岸。我想菩萨大愿大悲，绝非只顾自利，一定是要普渡一切众生同超苦海，同登彼岸。那末，大家当赶快向前求度吧！

二、‘度无极’者，能依般若而修，则二种生死一切诸苦便可度脱无余，故曰度无极。

三、‘远离’者，能用般若观照，即能远离一切颠倒妄想，故曰远离。

四、 ‘究竟’者，菩萨依此般若，圆满成就其自利（上求佛道）利他（下化众生）的一切功德，故曰究竟。亦即指一切诸法究竟之义，谓依此般若如实修行，可以圆证三智，彻见诸法实相，此即究竟义也。二乘人虽能渡见思烦恼河，超分段生死海，到偏空涅磐岸，因其所证道果没有究竟，故不能称为波罗密。此究竟二字，是含有圆满、永久之义，世间一切皆是有为生灭之法，试想，那一桩事能够做到圆满，且能永久不变呢？故没有称为究竟的可能，要是依此般若修行，亲证实相，永了生死，究竟解脱安乐，这才算为究竟！所以本经说：‘究竟涅磐，得阿耨多罗三藐三菩提’就是这个意思。

兹将‘般若’与‘波罗密多’合拢来讲，约涅磐、究竟二义释之：谓依‘般若’修行可以从茫茫生死苦海中登了解脱的‘彼岸’（涅磐），故曰般若波罗密多（般若是能到彼岸之法，波罗密，是所到之彼岸。）又般若，即指实相‘般若’，实相是离一切生死烦恼，离一切生死烦恼，就是‘涅磐’，故曰般若波罗密多（以上约涅磐义）。其次，若依本经所说的道理去如实修行，能够彻证实相般若，圆具三种智慧：一切智，道种智，一切种智（圆具三智即般若之究竟），故曰般若波罗密多：智慧究竟。以世间有漏之智，无论怎样总谈不到究竟二字，唯本经所说的般若乃诸佛菩萨所证之清净无漏智，是一种圆满‘究竟’的妙‘智慧’，故谓之般若波罗密多。换言之：诸佛菩萨所证的智慧是彻底的：无理不明，无事不达。这才可称为般若波罗密多（以上约究竟义）。

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要知道‘波罗密多’的上面加般若二字者，正显示安乐的彼岸是要依仗般若才能到达的；尤其要做到一切事的究竟：亲证实相，当以般若为成功的工具；复因波罗密有六种，今标般若二字正拣别不是其他：布施……等之波罗密。六种波罗密，就是六度。谓依此六法能度生死苦海，到达涅磐彼岸，故以六度称之。又六度能度 ‘六蔽’。蔽是遮蔽的意思，因此六种能遮蔽各人真心本性，使之不得显现，故以六蔽名之。

《心经》经题要释 - “般若”

2006-02-08T21:56:00.000+08:00

斌宗法师

般若波罗密多心经

唐三藏法师玄奘译

观自在菩萨，行深般若波罗密多时，照见五蕴皆空，度一切苦厄。舍利子！色不异空，空不异色，色即是空，空即是色；受想行识，亦复如是。舍利子！是诸法空相：不生不灭，不垢不净，不增不减。是故空中无色，无受想行识。无眼耳鼻舌身意；无色声香味触法。无眼界，乃至无意识界。无无明，亦无无明尽；乃至无老死，亦无老死尽。无苦集灭道。无智，亦无得。以无所得故！菩提萨陀，依般若波罗密多故，心无挂碍，无挂碍故，无有恐怖，远离颠倒、梦想，究竟涅磐。三世诸佛，依般若波罗密多故，得阿耨多罗三藐三菩提！故知般若波罗密多，是大神咒，是大明咒，是无上咒，是无等等咒。能除一切苦！真实不虚！故说般若波罗密多咒，即说咒曰：揭谛，揭谛，波罗揭谛，波罗僧揭谛，菩提娑婆诃！

先来解释经题。有人说：经题并不是正文，怎样也要去解释它呢？因为题是一经的总纲、经为一题的别目，若经题明白之后，便可了解经中大意。如网提其纲，则众目自伸，若衣挈其领，则群缕必直。因此故有讲释的必要。

般若：此是梵语（即印度话，因印度人自称是梵天的苗裔，故其语称为梵语），译为智慧。怎样不直译之，而仍存梵语：“般若”呢？以其在中国没有相当的名词可以代替，虽意译为智慧，实则未尽正确。智论这样说：“般若定实相，智慧浅薄不可以称。”因为通常的所谓智慧者，乃不足以表显般若的含义，尤其是世人每每以为聪明就是智慧，若翻之则与彼混滥，而失却般若殊胜义。为了表示这种智慧的特胜，所以沿用原音：“般若”，而不直译为智慧；此即五不翻中尊重不翻，及四例翻经的翻字不翻音的意思。其实般若当译为妙智慧，或真智妙慧，以拣别世人所称的智慧，才为完善而恰当的！世人虽也各有他的智慧：如一般大学问家，大艺术家，大哲学家，这都是世人所公认是智慧的结晶。若在佛教眼光视之，不过是一种世智辩聪。虽然科学发达，物资文明，能创造飞机，发明无线电等，此乃世间有漏智所成的有为之法，总不能令人明心见性、了生脱死，获到究竟安乐。且于其中却含有能使人发生一切烦恼和痛苦的可能；乃至用之不当，则能造出许多害人、害世的巨祸来（如原子弹等）！故世间的智慧是一种邪正兼杂（用于正途则正，用于邪途则邪），利害参半（善用之则有益于人，恶用之有害于人）。因为它：世智，是由第六识妄心分别出来的一种妄知妄见，是不实，是污染，非纯善，尤其是有限的。事实只可称为知识，确没有当得起智慧的资格，那里更谈得到妙呢？至于本经所说的般若妙智慧，那就不同了，它是自性中本具的一种无漏智，完全由真心流露出来的，是离过绝非，是正常，是真实，是纯净无染，是唯正无邪，并且没有穷尽的。人们能够用了它，非但能令自己断惑证真，离苦得乐，且能普度众生同超生死苦海，同登安乐彼岸；这就是般若妙智慧的特色，岂可与世智辩聪同日而语哉！智论云：‘般若者，一切诸智慧中最为第一，无上，无比，无等，更无有上’即此意也。故世间的有漏智，与本经所说的般若智，真是天壤悬殊！

现在先来把般若：智慧，的意义略释一下：明白真理，认识事实，叫做智慧。通达有为之事相为智，通达无为之空理为慧；智有照了的功能，慧有鉴别的作用；智能明了诸法，慧能断惑证真。又智明外境，慧明自心。所谓能勘破世间诸有为法，内而自己四大色身，外而一切万有，皆是缘起幻相，没有实法实我，谓之智；了悟心佛众生三无差别之妙理，证同人人本具的不生不灭之常住真心佛性，谓之慧。总之对于（入）世出世间的一切诸法都能彻底明了，于中无染无邪，而无障碍者谓之般若妙智慧。扼要的说：般若，乃诸佛菩萨亲证诸法实相的一种圆明本觉智；亦即离一切迷情妄相的一种清净无分别智；也可说是通达一切法自性本空，而无所得的一种真空无相智。这岂是世人所能梦想得到的呢？

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依般若的性质来说：其类有三：

一、实相般若：‘实相’，即诸法如实之相，不可以‘有无’等去叙述它，也不可以‘大小’等去计度它，非凡夫的心理所能想像，也不是世俗的言论所能指陈；所谓心行处灭，言语道断，无可表达，无可取著；这是一种不可思议的境界，所以法华经说：‘唯佛与佛乃能究竟诸法实相。’
兹约三义释之：
（1）实相无相：离一切虚妄之相，没有一相可得，故曰无相。
（2）实相无不相：具足恒沙功德之相，没有一法不是，故曰无不相。
（3）实相无相无不相：虽离相而本体不空，虽具足而自性本寂，所谓真空不碍妙有，妙有不碍真空；若言其有，妙有非有，若言其空，真空不空，离一切相，即一切法，故曰无相无不相。此即实相般若也。

二、观照般若：乃实相理体上所起的一种智用，谓行者修观时，心光内凝，照了诸法，凡所有相皆是虚妄，当体即空，由空妄相，而见实相，以实相由观照而证得，故谓之观照般若。又，如实了解圣教中所说的道理，依理去体验实修，于其中间所有的功行，曰观照般若。

三、文字般若：诸佛菩萨，从其亲证实相理体，假借文字语言以开导一切有情，使其解悟者，谓之文字般若。若约狭义来说：即指本经始终所有的文字，以及八部般若里面所诠的义理，因其能令众生开发智慧，故谓之文字般若。尤其是观照没有它，则不能成立。实相没有它，则无由显示，故以文字般若称之。再进一层说，则凡佛所说的一切言教，都概括在内。若约广义来说：则非仅圣典上的文字而已，凡一切语言动作等，能表显意义令人理解而启发智慧者，都是文字般若：如佛在世时，则以音声为文字，所以佛经以名句文身为教体；乃至历来的祖师们，有擎拳竖拂等一类的开示，也莫不是令人启悟的文字般若之一。虽说文字不是实义，然而没有文字，却没法起观照，而证实相。所谓不假藉文字言说的方便，是无由引导众生离妄执而证悟实相的；故文字般若，事实也是修行不可无的一种重要条件！凡初学佛修行的人，要先从圣教听闻启悟，然后依所知的道理去实际真修，以期获到最终的结果，得到真实的受用，这才算为有次第的学佛修行，同时也不致行错了路。

总之：从听闻言教，或自己阅读经典所开发的智慧，叫做文字般若；又名闻慧。依所解悟的道理实际地去体验修习，叫做观照般若；又名思慧。由观照工夫的深造，一旦豁破无明，亲见本来面目，叫做实相般若；亦名修慧（因由修而证得故）。又自性虚灵不昧，谓之实相般若；依理进修，所行与所解相应，谓之观照般若；由圣教启发的清净智，谓之文字般若，此乃约通途而说。若单就本经所明者，则指解悟诸法皆空之理，谓之文字般若；依法空无我慧，去观察觉照，谓之观照般若；彻悟法性无相，亲证实相，谓之实相般若（实相般若理也，观照般若行也，文字般若教也）。

般若波罗密多心经

2006-02-08T21:12:00.000+08:00

观自在菩萨，行深般若波罗蜜多时，照见五蕴皆空，渡一切苦厄。舍利子，色不异空，空不异色，色即是空，空即是色，受想行识，亦复如是。舍利子，是诸法空相，不生不灭，不垢不净，不增不减，是故空中无色，无受想行识，无眼耳鼻舌身意，无色声香味触法，无眼界，乃至无意识界，无无明，亦无无明尽，乃至无老死，亦无老死尽，无苦集灭道，无智亦无得，以无所得故，菩提萨陀，依般若波罗蜜多故，心无挂碍，无挂碍故，无有恐怖，远离颠倒梦想，究竟涅磐。三世诸佛，依般若波罗蜜多故，得阿褥多罗三藐三菩提。故知般若波罗蜜多，是大神咒，是大明咒，是无上咒，是无等等咒，能除一切苦，真实不虚，故说般若波罗蜜多咒，即说咒曰：揭缔，揭缔，波罗揭缔，波罗僧揭缔，菩提萨婆呵。

孙子兵法.13.用间篇

2006-02-08T12:22:00.000+08:00

孙子曰：凡兴师十万，出征千里，百姓之费，公家之奉，日费千金；内外骚动，怠于道路，不得操事者七十万家。相守数年，以争一日之胜，而爱爵禄百金，不知敌之情者，不仁之至也，非人之将也，非主之佐也，非胜之主也。故君贤将，所以动而胜人，成功出于众者，先知也。先知者，不可取于鬼神，不可象于事，不可验于度，必取于人，知敌之情者也。

孙子说：大凡出兵十万，出征千里，百姓的耗费、公家的开支，每日耗资千金；国家内外动荡，人们疲惫地奔波于道路，不能安心从事耕作的达七十万家。相持数年来争夺一朝的胜利，却因吝啬爵禄金银，不愿使用间谍，以至不知敌方情实的人，是不懂仁爱到了极点啊！这种人，不配为军中统帅，不配为君主的辅臣，也不是胜利的把握者。英明的君主、贤能的将帅，之所以动辄就能战胜敌人，成功高于一般的人，就在于他们事先了解敌情。要事先了解敌情，不可从鬼神取得，不可从往事中去类比，也不能用度数去应验，一定只能从人的口中得知，这种人，就是了解敌情的人。

故用间有五：有因间，有内间，有反间，有死间，有生间。五间俱起，莫知其道，是谓神纪，人君之宝也。因间者，因其乡人而用之。内间者，因其官人而用之。反间者，因其敌间而用之。死间者，为诳事于外，令吾间知之，而传于敌间也。生间者，反报也。

使用间谍有五种：有因间、有内间、有反间、有死间、有生间。五种间谍一齐使用，没有谁能知道其中奥秘，这便可称为一条神妙的纲纪，是国君的法宝。所谓因间，就是利用敌国乡人为间谍；所谓内间，就是利用敌国朝内官员做间谍；所谓反间，就是利用敌方派来的间谍，使之反过来为我效力；所谓死间，就是故意在外散布假情况，让我方间谍明白并有意识传给敌间；所谓生间，就是能亲自回来报告敌情的间谍。

故三军之事，莫亲于间，赏莫厚于间，事莫密于间。非圣智不能用间，非仁义不能使间，非微妙不能得间之实。微哉！微哉！无所不用间也。间事未发，而先闻者，间与所告者皆死。

军中的亲信，没有比间谍更亲密的了；军中的奖赏，没有比对间谍的奖赏更丰厚的了；军中的机密事务，没有比用间更为机密的了。不是英明睿智的人不能任用间谍；没有仁义的德行不足以驱使间谍，没有精微神妙的分析判断能力不能得到真实的情报。微妙啊，微妙啊，无处不用间谍。用间所谋之事未行却先被人知道，间谍以及他所告诉的人都要被处死。

凡军之所欲击，城之所欲攻，人之所欲杀，必先知其守将、左右、谒者、门者、舍人之姓名，令吾间必索知之，必索敌人之间来间我者，因而利之，导而舍之，故反间可得而用也；因是而知之，故乡间、内间可得而使也；因是而知之，故死间为诳事，可使告敌；因是而知之，故生间可使如期。五间之事，主必知之，知之必在于反间，故反间不可不厚也。

凡是要攻击某敌军，夺取某城邑，斩杀敌方某重要人员，一定要事先了解敌方主管将帅、左右亲信、传达报告的官员、守门的官吏、门客幕僚诸人的姓名，命令我方间谍一定查探清楚。一定要查出敌方派来的间谍，获得后以重金收买，诱导他为我所用，这样，反间就可以得到使用了。从反间了解到情况，就能从敌方找到恰当人选，乡间、内间就可得到使用了。从反间那里了解了情况，死间就可散布假情报，并可让他告诉敌人；由于从反间了解了情况，避开了危险，生间就可如期回报。五种间谍的情况，主君必须掌握，掌握这些情况的关键在于反间。所以反间的待遇不能不特别优厚。

昔殷之兴也，伊挚在夏；周之兴也，吕牙在殷。故惟明君贤将，能以上智为间者，必成大功。此兵之要，三军之所恃而动也。

从前，殷代兴起之际，伊挚在夏当间谍；周代兴起之时，姜子牙在殷搜集情报。因此，明君贤将中，能任用有高超智谋的人为间谍者，一定能成就大的功业。这是用兵的要务，三军就依靠着这些情报而决定行动啊！

孙子兵法.12.火攻篇

2006-02-08T12:17:00.000+08:00

孙子曰：凡火攻有五：一曰火人，二曰火积，三曰火辎，四曰火库，五曰火队。行火必有因，烟火必素具，发火有时，起火有日。时者，天之燥也；日者，月在箕、壁、翼、轸也。凡此四宿者，起风之日也。

孙子说：火攻有五种，一是焚敌营栅人马，二是焚敌“委积”，三是焚敌辎重，四是焚敌武库，五是焚敌交通要道设施。实施火攻需具备一定条件，点火器材必须平日准备好。发动火攻要依据一定天时，具体点火要有恰当日子。所谓天时，指气候干燥的时期；所谓恰当的日子，就是月亮运行到箕、壁、翼、轸四星所在位置的日子。大凡月亮运行到这四个星宿的日子，都是风起的日子。

凡火攻，必因五火之变而应之。火发于内，则早应之于外。火发兵静者，待而勿攻；极其火力，可从而从之，不可从而止。火可发于外，无待于内，以时发之。火发上风，无攻下风。昼风久，夜风止。凡军必知有五火之变，以数守之。

大凡火攻，一定根据五种火攻所引起的情况变化采取相应的策应措施。从敌方内部放火，则早派兵在外策应。火已烧起敌兵仍镇静的，要等待观察，不要急于进攻；待到火势最旺时，可进攻就进攻，不可进攻就停止。火也可从外施放，不必等待内应，按准确的时机发火就行。火施放在上风，不要从下风进攻。白天发火以兵从攻，晚上发火不要从攻。大凡领导作战一定要熟悉五种火攻所引起的情况变化，并根据火攻应循遗的自然规律紧紧把握住火攻的时机。

故以火佐攻者明，以水佐攻者强。水可以绝，不可以夺。

用火来辅助进攻者高明，以水来辅助进攻者强大。水可以阻隔敌人，但不如火攻那样直接剥夺敌军实力。

夫战胜攻取而不修其功者凶，命曰费留。故曰：明主虑之，良将修之。非利不动，非得不用，非危不战。主不可以怒而兴师，将不可以愠而致战。合于利而动，不合于利而止。怒可以复喜，愠可以复悦，亡国不可以复存，死者不可以复生。故明君慎之，良将警之，此安国全军之道也。

仗打胜了，城攻取了，但不能因之建立功业、巩固政权，那是危险的，这叫白费力气。因此说，英明的君主应该很好考虑这个问题，贤良的将帅应该认真研究这个问题。不是于国有利就不要采取军事行动，没有必胜的把握就不要用兵，不是处于危险境地不要交战。君主不可因为一时愤怒而发动战争，将领也不能因为一时恼火而命令作战。合于国家长远利益就行动，不合符国家长远利益就停止。愤怒可以转化为高兴，恼火可以转化为喜悦，但灭亡了的国家却不可再存在，死掉人也不可能再活过来。因而，明智的君主应慎重地对待这个问题，优良的将帅应该警惕这个问题，这是安定国家保全军队的根本原则啊！

孙子兵法.11.九地篇

2006-02-08T12:13:00.000+08:00

孙子曰：用兵之法，有散地，有轻地，有争地，有交地，有衢地，有重地，有圮地，有围地，有死地。诸侯自战其地，为散地。入人之地而不深者，为轻地。我得则利，彼得亦利者，为争地。我可以往，彼可以来者，为交地。诸侯之地三属，先至而得天下之众者，为衢地。入人之地深，背城邑多者，为重地。行山林、险阻、沮泽，凡难行之道者，为圮地。所由入者隘，所从归者迂，彼寡可以击吾之众者，为围地。疾战则存，不疾战则亡者，为死地。是故散地则无战，轻地则无止，争地则无攻，交地则无绝，衢地则合交，重地则掠，圮地则行，围地则谋，死地则战。

孙子说：根据用兵的原则，战地有散地、轻地、争地、交地、衢地、重地、圮地、围地、死地等多种。诸侯在自己领地内作战，这种战地称为散地。进入敌境不远的战地，称为轻地。我先占领于我有利，敌先占领于敌有利，此为争地。我可以前往，敌人也可以进来，此为交地。多国交界，先得到便容易取得天下支持的，为衢地。入敌境纵深，穿过敌境许多城邑的地方，称为重地。山森、险阻、沼泽等大凡难行的地方，称为圮地。进入的道路狭隘，回归的道路迂远，敌人以少数兵力便可抗击我大部队的地方，称为围地。迅速奋战便可生存，不迅速奋战就会灭亡的为死地。因而，在散地不宜交战；在轻地不要停留；在争地，敌若占据，不可进攻；在衢地则注意结交诸侯；在重地，则掠取资粮；在圮地则迅速通过；在围地则巧设计谋；在死地则殊死奋战。

所谓古之善用兵者，能使敌人前后不相及，众寡不相恃，贵贱不相救，上下不相收，卒离而不集，兵合而不齐。合于利而动，不合于利而止。敢问：敌众整而将来，待之若何？曰：先夺其所爱，则听矣。兵之情主速，乘人之不及，由不虞之道，攻其所不戒也。

通常人们称赞的古代善于用兵的人，能使敌人前后不相连续，大部队与小部队无法相依恃，官与兵无法相救援，上下级无法相统属，士卒离散而不能集合，即使集合也无法统一行动。符合自己的利益就立即行动，不符合自己利益就停止行动。或许有人问：“敌军甚众，且又整肃，将向我进攻，我该如何对付它？”回答是：先干掉敌人所珍爱所依恃的方面，那么，敌人就被动屈从了。用兵的情理是以神速为主，乘敌人措手不及的时机，经由敌人料想不到的道路，攻击敌人未加戒备的地方。

凡为客之道，深入则专，主人不克；掠于饶野，三军足食；谨养而勿劳，并气积力；运兵计谋，为不可测。投之无所往，死且不北，死焉不得，士人尽力。兵士甚陷则不惧；无所往则固，深入则拘，不得已则斗。是故其兵不修而戒，不求而得，不约而亲，不令而信，禁祥去疑，至死无所之。吾士无余财，非恶货也；无余命，非恶寿也。令发之日，士卒坐者涕沾襟，偃卧者涕交颐。投之无所往者，诸、刿之勇也。

大凡进入敌国境内作战的一般规律是：深入敌人腹地，士卒们心志专一，敌人不能战胜我；掠夺敌人富饶的乡野，三军的粮食给养就充足了；认真养练部队，不使他们疲劳，鼓舞士气，积聚力量；部署兵力，设计谋略，要使敌无法测知我方虚实、意图；把士卒置于无路可走的境地，至死也不会败退，死都不怕，士卒自然人人尽力作战。士卒真正深陷危亡之境就无所畏惧；无路可走时反而军心稳固；入敌境纵深之地，士卒自然依附而不敢涣散；在不得已的情况下，必然会拼死战斗。因而，在这种情况下，军队不用整治，也会加强戒备；不用征求，下情自然上达；不用约束，也能亲和互助；不用申令也能遵纪守法；迷信活动自然停止，士兵也不再疑虑，至死也不会逃逸。士卒们不留多余的财物，不是他们厌恶财物；士卒们不顾生命危险，不是他们不想活命。作战命令发布的时候，士卒们坐着的泪湿衣襟，仰卧的泪流满面，一旦把他们置于无路可走的境地时，便都有专诸、曹刿一般的勇敢了。

故善用兵者，譬如率然；率然者，常山之蛇也。击其首则尾至，击其尾则首至，击其中则首尾俱至。敢问：兵可使如率然乎？曰：可。夫吴人与越人相恶也，当其同舟而济，遇风，其相救也如左右手。是故方马埋轮，未足恃也；齐勇若一，政之道也；刚柔皆得，地之理也。故善用兵者，携手若使一人，不得已也。

善于用兵的人，他指挥的部队就如“率然”一样。“率然”，是常山的一种蛇。击它的头部，它的尾部弹过来救应，击它的尾部，它的头部弹过来救应，击它的腰部，它的头尾一齐弹过来救应。或问：军队可指挥得像率然一样吗？回答是：可以。吴人与越人是相互仇视的，当他们同船过渡突遇大风时，他们相互救助起来如同左右手。因此，缚马埋轮，是不足以倚恃的稳定军阵的办法；三军严整、勇敢如一人，靠的是治军有方；勇敢的人和怯弱的人都得以发挥其战斗力，靠的是巧妙地运用地形。古代善于用兵的人，能使部队携手如同一个人一样服从指挥，是将部队置于不得已的情况下形成的。

将军之事：静以幽，正以治。能愚士卒之耳目，使之无知。易其事，革其谋，使人无识；易其居，迂其途，使人不得虑。帅与之期，如登高而去其梯；帅与之深入诸侯之地而发其机，焚舟破釜，若驱群羊，驱而往，驱而来，莫知所之。聚三军之众，投之于险，此谓将军之事也。九地之变，屈伸之利，人情之理，不可不察。

统帅军队这种事，要沉着镇静而幽密深邃，公平严正而整肃有方，能蒙蔽士卒的耳目，使他们无知。常改变所行之事，常变更所设之谋，使人无法识破用意；驻扎常变地方，行军常迂回绕道，使人无法捉摸真实意图。将帅给部队下达战斗命令，像登高抽去梯子一样，使士卒有进无退；将帅与士卒深入诸侯重地，捕捉战机，发起攻势，焚舟毁桥，砸烂锅灶，像驱赶群羊一样，赶过去，赶过来，没有谁明白到底要到哪里去。聚集三军之众，将他们置于危险的境地，这就是领兵作战的职责。各种地形的灵活运用，攻守进退的利害关系，士卒在不同环境中的心理变化规律，不能不认真加以考察。

凡为客之道：深入则专，浅则散。去国越境而师者，绝地也；四达者，衢地也；入深者，重地也；入浅者，轻地也；背固前隘者，围地也；无所往者，死地也。是故散地，吾将一其志；轻地，吾将使之属；争地，吾将趋其后；交地，吾将谨其守；衢地，吾将固其结；重地，吾将继其食；圮地，吾将进其途；围地，吾将塞其阙；死地，吾将示之以不活。故兵之情：围则御，不得已则斗，过则从。

大凡进入敌国作战的规律是：进入敌境越深，军心越专一;越浅，士卒越容易离散。离开本土穿越边境去敌国作战的地方，称为绝地;四通八达的战地为衢地;进入敌境纵深的地方叫重地；进入敌境不远的地方叫轻地;背靠险固前路狭窄的地方叫围地;无路可走的地方叫死地。因此，在散地，我将很好地统一士卒心志，在轻地，我将注意使部队保持连续;遇争地，我将紧紧地从后驱赶部队快速前进;在交地，我就要谨慎地加强防守;在衢地，我将巩固与加强同诸侯国的联系；在重地，我将注意保证军需粮饷的不断供应；在圮地，我将率部迅速通过；在围地，我将堵住可逃生的缺口；在死地，我将向士卒表示必死的决心。士兵的心理变化规律是：被包围就会合力抵御，不得已时就会殊死奋战，陷于深重危难境地就非常听从指挥。

是故不知诸侯之谋者，不能预交；不知山林、险阻、沮泽之形者，不能行军；不用乡导者，不能得地利。四五者，不知一，非霸王之兵也。夫霸王之兵，伐大国，则其众不得聚；威加于敌，则其交不得合。是故不争天下之交，不养天下之权，信己之私，威加于敌，故其城可拔，其国可隳。施无法之赏，悬无政之令，犯三军之众，若使一人。犯之以事，勿告以言；犯之以利，勿告以害。投之亡地然后存，陷之死地然后生。夫众陷于害，然后能为胜败。故为兵之事，在于顺详敌之意，并敌一向，千里杀将，此谓巧能成事者也。

不清楚各诸侯国企图的人，不能参与外交，不熟悉山林、险阻、沼泽等地形及其运用原则的人，不能领军作战；不用向导的人，得不到有利的地形，类似这四五个方面的事，有一个方面不知道，就不能算霸王的军队。所谓霸王的军队，攻伐大国，迅猛得使敌国无法及时调动民众与集结军队；兵威指向敌人，那么敌人的外交就无法成功。因而，不必争着与任何国家结交，也不随便培植他国的权威，多多施恩于自己的民众、士卒，把兵刃指向敌国，那么，敌国城池可拔，国都可毁。实行破格的奖赏，颁发非常的政令，驱使三军部队像使唤一个人一样。授以任务，不说明意图；告诉他有利的条件，不告诉他危险的一面。把士卒投入危亡境地，士卒才会拼死奋战获得生存，士卒陷于死地，必然舍命奋战以求生。兵士们陷入危险境地，才能主动地奋力夺取胜利。领兵作战这种事，就在于假装顺着敌人的意图，我则集中精锐兵力指向敌人一处，哪怕奔袭千里也可斩杀敌将，这便是通常说的机智能成就大事。

是故政举之日，夷关折符，无通其使，厉于廊庙之上，以诛其事。敌人开阖，必亟入之。先其所爱，微与之期。践墨随敌，以决战事。是故始如处女，敌人开户，后如脱兔，敌不及拒。

决定实施战争的时候，就封锁关口，废除通行凭证，停止与敌国的使节往来。在庙堂上反复研讨，制定战争计划。敌人出现可乘之隙，一定马上攻入，首先夺取敌人所心爱的部位，不要与敌约期决战。执行作战计划一定要随敌情变化而灵活处置，来争取战争的胜利。因而，开始要像处女一般沉静，使敌人放松戒备；然后突然发动攻击，如同脱逃的兔子一般敏捷，使敌人来不及抗拒。

孙子兵法.10.地形篇

2006-02-08T12:03:00.000+08:00

孙子曰：地形有通者，有挂者，有支者，有隘者，有险者，有远者。我可以往，彼可以来，曰通；通形者，先居高阳，利粮道，以战则利。可以往，难以返，曰挂；挂形者，敌无备，出而胜之；敌若有备，出而不胜，难以返，不利。我出而不利，彼出而不利，曰支；支形者，敌虽利我，我无出也；引而去之，令敌半出而击之，利。隘形者，我先居之，必盈之以待敌；若敌先居之，盈而勿从，不盈而从之。险形者，我先居之，必居高阳以待敌；若敌先居之，引而去之，勿从也。远形者，势均，难以挑战，战而不利。凡此六者，地之道也；将之至任，不可不察也。

孙子说：地形有通、挂、支、隘、险、远六种。我可以往，敌人也可以来，这种地区称为“通”。在这种地区作战，必须先抢占高阳之处，并使粮道畅通，这样，交战就有利。凡是前往容易而返回艰难的地区称为“挂”。在挂形地区作战，敌人若无防备，出击可以胜敌；敌人若有防备，出击不可胜而自己却难以返回，不利。凡是我出击不利，敌方出击也不利的地区，称“支”。在支形地区，敌人即使以利诱我，我也不能出击，率军离开，让敌人从支形地区出发一半时突然回击它，有利。在两山间有狭窄通谷的隘形地区作战，如果我先占据了隘口，一定齐隘口而满陈兵以待敌；若敌人先占据隘口，满陈兵封住了隘口，就不要进攻；如果敌人只占据了隘口一部分，并未布兵阵全部封锁，则可以进攻。在“险形”地区作战，如果我先据险地，一定选择高阳之处来等待敌人；如果敌人先占险地，就率军离去，不要仰攻敌人。在“远形”地区作战，双方态势均等，难以挑战引敌，无论哪一方挑战都不利。大凡这六个方面，是运用地理条件的原则，掌握这些原则，是将领们至关重要的责任，不能不认真的加以研究。

故兵有走者，有弛者，有陷者，有崩者，有乱者，有北者。凡此六者，非天之灾，将之过也。夫势均，以一击十，曰走；卒强吏弱，曰弛；吏强卒弱，曰陷；大吏怒而不服，遇敌怼而自战，将不知其能，曰崩；将弱不严，教道不明，吏卒无常，陈兵纵横，曰乱。将不能料敌，以少合众，以弱击强，兵无选锋，曰北。凡此六者，败之道也；将之至任，不可不察也。

失败的军队有走、弛、陷、崩、乱、北六种。大凡这六种情况，不是客观自然条件不好所造成的，是将领们的过失所导致的。如果双方所处态势相当，却以一击十，必然望风而逃，这叫“走”，逃遁之军；士卒强悍而将吏懦弱，这叫“弛”，废弛之军；将吏强悍而士卒懦弱，这叫“陷”，失陷之军；部将怨怒，不服从指挥，遇敌忿然擅自交战，主将又不了解他的能力而加以控制，必然崩散，这叫“崩”，崩溃之军；将领无能，不能严格约束部队，教导训练没有明确的理论、方法，部下无遵循的常规法纪，行阵混乱，这叫“乱”，混乱之军；将帅不能准确地判断敌情，却以少击众，以弱击强，行阵又无精锐的前锋，这叫“北”，败退的军队。大凡这六种情况，都是致败的原因，了解并避免这些弊端，是将领们至关重要的责任，不能不认真加以研究。

夫地形者，兵之助也。料敌制胜，计险、远近，上将之道也。知此而用战者必胜，不知此而用战者必败。故战道必胜，主曰无战，必战可也；战道不胜，主曰必战，无战可也。故进不求名，退不避罪，唯人是保，而利合于主，国之宝也。

地形，是用兵的辅助条件。判明敌情、制定致胜方略，考察研究地形的险易、远近，这些是主将必须履行的职责。懂得这些而指挥作战的人必胜，不懂得这些而指挥作战的人必败。因而，按战争实况的发展，有必胜的条件与趋势，即使君主下令不战，主将一定要战也可以;如果按战争实况发展，无胜利条件，即使君主下令要战，主将不战也可以。总之，进不求名，退不避罪，一心只求保护民众而符合国君长远的根本利益，这样的将帅，才是国家的栋梁啊！

视卒如婴儿，故可与之赴深溪；视卒如爱子，故可与之俱死。厚而不能使，爱而不能令，乱而不能治，譬若骄子，不可用也。

关怀士卒如关照婴儿一样备致，那么士卒就可与将帅共赴深渊而不畏艰险；对待士卒像对待心爱的儿子一样亲切、信任，那么士卒就可与将帅同生死共患难。如果厚养而不能使用，溺爱而不能行令，违法乱纪而不服惩治，这样的士卒就像“骄子”一样，是不堪使用的。

知吾卒之可以击，而不知敌之不可击，胜之半也；知敌之可击，而不知吾卒之不可以击，胜之半也；知敌之可击，知吾卒之可以击，而不知地形之不可以战，胜之半也。故知兵者，动而不迷，举而不穷。故曰：知彼知己，胜乃不殆；知天知地，胜乃不穷。

知道自己的部队可以出击，而不知敌人不可攻击，胜利的可能性只有一半；知道敌人可以攻击，而不知道自己的部队不可出击，胜利的可能性只有一半；知道敌人可击，知道自己的部队可以出击，而不知地形不利于我作战，胜利的可能性也只有一半。因而，熟知用兵之妙的人，他的行动是准确果断的，他的举措是随机应变，变化无穷的，因此说，了解对方也了解自己，胜利就不成问题；了解天候，又了解地形，胜利就无穷无尽。

孙子兵法.09.行军篇

2006-02-08T11:59:00.000+08:00

孙子曰：凡处军、相敌：绝山依谷，视生处高，战隆无登；此处山之军也。绝水必远水；客绝水而来，勿迎之于水内，令半济而击之，利；欲战者，无附于水而迎客；视生处高，无迎水流。此处水上之军也。绝斥泽，惟亟去无留；若交军于斥泽之中，必依水草而背众树，此处斥泽之军也。平陆处易，而右背高，前死后生，此处平陆之军也。凡此四军之利，黄帝之所以胜四帝也。

孙子说：领军作战中，处置军队、判断敌情，应该依据下列原则：穿越山岭，应临近谷地行进，选择朝阳的高地驻扎，敌人已据高地，不可仰攻，这是在山地处置军队的原则。渡水一定要在离水流稍远的地方驻扎、准备；敌人渡水而来，不要在水滨迎战，让敌人渡过一半还有一半未渡时攻击，这样才有利；想与敌人交战，不要靠近水边而迎战敌人；选择高而向阳处列阵，不要处于下游逆着水流布阵或驻扎，这是在河流地区处置军队的原则。穿越盐碱沼泽地带，一定迅速通过，切勿滞留；如果在盐碱沼泽之地与敌遭遇，一定依傍水草而背靠林木，这是在盐碱沼泽地带处军的原则。在平原旷野，要驻扎在平坦地面，右边依托高阜，前低后高，这是在平原地区处置军队的原则。大凡这四种处军原则的好处，就是黄帝战胜东西南北四帝的原因。

凡军好高而恶下，贵阳而贱阴，养生而处实，军无百疾，是谓必胜。丘陵堤防，必处其阳而右背之。此兵之利，地之助也。上雨，水沫至，欲涉者，待其定也。凡地有绝涧、天井、天牢、天罗、天陷、天隙，必亟去之，勿近也。吾远之，敌近之；吾迎之，敌背之。军行有险阻、潢井葭苇、山林荟者，必谨复索之，此伏奸之所处也。

大凡驻军，都是喜好高处而厌恶低处，选择向阳地而避开阴湿地，养军在靠近水草的便利地方，驻扎在朝阳干燥的高处，军队不发生任何疾病，这才称得上必胜之军。丘陵堤防，一定要驻扎在它的向阳面，且右边依托着它。这是用兵的有利条件，是地形给予的资助。上游下雨，河中必有水沫漂来，想过河的话，一定等水沫消定以后。凡是地形中有“绝涧”、“天井”、“天牢”、“天罗”、“天陷”、“天隙”等情况，一定迅速离开它，切勿接近。我方远离它，让敌方接近它；我方对着它，使敌方背着它。军队行进中，遇到艰难险阻之处，长满芦苇的低洼地，草木茂密的山林地，一定要仔细反复地搜索，因为这些地方往往是奸细伏兵的藏匿之处。

敌近而静者，恃其险也；远而挑战者，欲人之进也；其所居易者，利也。众树动者，来也；众草多障者，疑也；鸟起者，伏也；兽骇者，覆也。尘高而锐者，车来也；卑而广者，徒来也；散而条达者，樵采也；少而往来者，营军也。辞卑而益备者，进也；辞强而进驱者，退也；轻车先出居其侧者，陈也；无约而请和者，谋也；奔走而陈兵车者，期也；半进半退者，诱也。杖而立者，饥也；汲而先饮者，渴也；见利而不进者，劳也。鸟集者，虚也；夜呼者，恐也；军扰者，将不重也；旌旗动者，乱也；吏怒者，倦也；粟马肉食，军无悬，不返其舍者，穷寇也。谆谆翕翕，徐与人言者，失众也；数赏者，窘也；数罚者，困也；先暴而后畏其众者，不精之至也；来委谢者，欲休息也。兵怒而相迎，久而不合，又不相去，必谨察之。

敌人离我很近却很镇静的，是依恃它有险要的条件；
敌人离我很远而前来挑战的，是企图诱我前往；
敌人舍险而居平易之地，一定有它的好处或企图。

前方许多树木摇动，那是敌人偷袭来了；
草丛中到处设置伪装、障碍，那是企图迷惑我;
鸟儿惊飞而起，下面必有伏兵;
野兽惊骇逃窜，那是大军掩袭过来了;
前方尘埃飞扬得高而尖，那是敌人的战车来了;
尘埃飞扬得低而广，那是敌人的步卒来了;
尘埃零散而丝丝缕缕的，那是有人在打柴;
尘埃飞扬得少且往来不定，那是察看地形，准备立营的敌军。

敌人使者言辞谦下而部队却加紧备战的，是企图向我进攻;
敌人使者言辞强硬而先头部队又向前逼进的，那是在准备撤退;
战车先出据军营侧翼的，那是在布阵;
没有陷入困屈之境却来请和的，是另有奸谋;
敌人往来奔跑而展开兵车的，是在紧急集合以布阵决战;
敌人似进非进，进一进，退一退，是企图诱我前往;
敌兵倚着兵器而站立，是饥饿的表现;
取水的敌军汲水后先自饮，说明敌军都很干渴;
敌军见到明显的利益也不前往争取，那是太劳顿了。

群鸟聚集敌营上方，敌营必已空虚;
敌军夜有呼叫声，是因为军心慌恐;敌军纷乱无序，是敌将没有威严;
敌旌旗乱动，是敌营阵已乱;
敌军吏忿怒，是太烦倦了;
敌人以粮喂马，杀牲口吃，军中没有悬着的汲水器，决心不返营舍的，那是处于穷途末路的敌人;
敌将慢声乏气地与人缓缓交谈，是将领已失去众士之心;
再三实行悬赏的，是已处于窘迫之境，恐士众叛离;
再三实行处罚的，是陷于困弊之境，希图以罚立威;
敌将先对士卒暴虐，后又畏惧士卒叛离的，那是愚蠢到极点的蠢将;
带来礼品谈判的，是想休兵息战;
敌人盛怒而来，却久不交战又不撤离，必须仔细审察，摸清它的真实意图。

兵非益多也，惟无武进，足以并力、料敌、取人而已。夫惟无虑而易敌者，必擒于人。

兵众并非越多越好，只是不能恃勇轻进，能够做到同心协力、判明敌情，战胜敌人就够了。只有那些没有谋略而又轻敌的人，才一定会被敌人所擒获。

卒未亲附而罚之，则不服，不服则难用也；卒已亲附而罚不行，则不可用也。故令之以文，齐之以武，是谓必取。令素行以教其民，则民服；令不素行以教其民，则民不服。令素行者，与众相得也。

士卒还未亲近依附就施行处罚，那么，士卒就必然不服，不服就难以使用；士卒已经归附而法纪不施行，那么，这样的士卒就不堪使用。因而，要以政治、教令教育士卒，要以军纪、军法来统一步调。这样，才称得上成为必胜的军队。平常一贯以教令教育士卒、执行法纪的，士卒就服从；平常不以教令教士卒、不执行法纪的，士卒就不服。教令一贯执行得好，就与士众相洽。

孙子兵法.08.九变篇

2006-02-08T11:54:00.000+08:00

孙子曰：凡用兵之法，将受命于君，合军聚众，圮地无舍，衢地交合，绝地无留，围地则谋，死地则战。途有所不由，军有所不击，城有所不攻，地有所不争，君命有所不受。故将通于九变之地利者，知用兵矣；将不通于九变之利者，虽知地形，不能得地之利矣。治兵不知九变之术，虽知五利，不能得人之用矣。

孙子说：根据用兵的规律，将领向国君领受命令，聚集民众组成军队，在“圮地”不要驻扎，在“衢地”要结交诸侯，在“绝地”不可滞留，在“围地”要巧出奇谋，在“死地”则殊死奋战。有的道路不宜通过，有的敌军可以不击，有的城邑可以不攻，有的地盘可以不争，甚至国君的命令有的也可以不接受。将领能通晓灵活机变的好处的，就算懂得用兵了；将领不通于灵活机变的好处，即使了解地形，也不能得到地利；治军不了解机变的权术，即使懂得“有的道路不宜通过”等“五利”，也不能充分发挥士卒们最大的战斗能力和作用。是故智者之虑，必杂于利害。杂于利而务可信也；杂于害而患可解也。因而，高明的将领考虑问题，一定兼顾利与害两个方面。在不利的条件下看到有利的一面，事情就可以顺利进行；在有利条件下看到不利的因素，祸患便可及早解除。

是故屈诸侯者以害，役诸侯者以业，趋诸侯者以利。

这就是要以祸患威逼诸侯屈服，以各种貌似正经的大事来役使诸侯，用各种小利来引诱诸侯疲于奔命。

故用兵之法：无恃其不来，恃吾有以待也；无恃其不攻，恃吾有所不可攻也。

打仗的原则是：不要寄希望于敌人不来，而要依靠自己有充分准备，严阵以待；不要寄希望于敌人不会进攻，而要依靠自己有敌人不可攻破的条件。

故将有五危：必死，可杀也；必生，可虏也；忿速，可侮也；廉洁，可辱也；爱民，可烦也。凡此五者，将之过也，用兵之灾也。覆军杀将，必以五危，不可不察也。

将领有五个方面的性格偏执是危险的：勇而无谋、一味死拼，可以诱杀；贪生怕死，畏葸疑惧，可以俘获；浮燥易怒，刚忿偏急，可以凌侮；矜于名节，可以污辱；过于仁慈，可予烦扰。大凡这五个方面，都是将领素质上的缺陷，是用兵的大害。全军覆没，将领被杀，一定因为这五个方面的危险因素，因而，不能不看清这个道理啊。

孙子兵法.07.军争篇

2006-02-08T11:50:00.000+08:00

孙子曰：凡用兵之法，将受命于君，合军聚众，交和而舍，莫难于军争。军争之难者，以迂为直，以患为利。故迂其途，而诱之以利，后人发，先人至，此知迂直之计者也。

孙子说：根据一般战争规律，将帅向君主领受命令，聚集民众，组编军队，到与敌军两相对垒，没有什么比两军相对争夺制胜条件更难的了。两军相对争利之所以难，就难在以迂回的手段达到直捷的目的，就难在化祸患为有利。采取迂回的途径，但引诱凝滞敌人，后于敌人发动，却先于敌人达到目的，这便是懂得变迂为直谋略的人。

故军争为利，军争为危。举军而争利，则不及；委军而争利，则辎重捐。是故卷甲而趋，日夜不处，倍道兼行，百里而争利，则擒三将军；劲者先，疲者后，其法十一而至；五十里而争利，则蹶上将军，其法半至；三十里而争利，则三分之二至。是故军无辎重则亡，无粮食则亡，无委积则亡。

军争是有利的，军争也是危险的。全军带着全部辎重去争利，就会行动迟缓而赶不上；全军舍弃笨重器械去争利，那么辎车又损失了。卷起铠甲，轻装快跑，日夜不停，以加倍的速度兼程行进，奔袭百里去争利的话，那么，三军将领都可能被擒；精悍的士卒在前面，疲弱的士卒在后面，按通常规律只有十分之一的人能到达；像这样奔赴五十里去争利的话，那么前军将领必然受挫，按通常规律只有一半人能到达；像这样急行三十里去争利的话，也只有三分之二的人能到达。然而，军队没有辎重就会灭亡，军队没有粮食就会灭亡，军队没有物资储备就会灭亡。

故不知诸侯之谋者，不能豫交；不知山林、险阻、沮泽之形者，不能行军；不用乡导者，不能得地利。故兵以诈立，以利动，以分合为变者也。故其疾如风，其徐如林，侵掠如火，不动如山，难知如阴，动如雷震。掠乡分众，廓地分利，悬权而动。先知迂直之计者胜，此军争之法也。

不了解诸侯国的企图，不能参与结交；不了解并善于利用山林、险阻、沼泽等地形条件，不能率军行进；不使用向导，就不能得到有利的地形。用兵靠诡诈立威，依利益行动，把分散与集中作为变化手段。部队快速行动起来犹如疾风；舒缓行进起来犹如森林；侵掠起来犹如烈火；不动时候稳如山岳；难以窥测有如阴云蔽日；发起进攻有如迅雷猛击。掠夺敌乡，应分兵进行；开拓疆土，应区别利害。这些都须比较利害、权衡轻重后才能采取行动。先懂得以迂为直计谋的人才会取得胜利，这就是军争的原则。

《军政》曰：“言不相闻，故为金鼓；视不相见，故为旌旗。”夫金鼓旌旗者，所以一人之耳目也；人既专一，则勇者不得独进，怯者不得独退，此用众之法也。故夜战多火鼓，昼战多旌旗，所以变人之耳目也。

《军政》上说：“用言语指挥听不清就用金鼓，用手势指挥看不清就用旌旗。”金鼓旌旗这些工具是用来统一军队视听的。军队行动统一以后，那么，勇武的人不得擅自前进，怯懦的人也不能单独后退，这就是指挥大部队作战的办法。夜间作战，多使用火与鼓；白天作战，多使用旌旗。这是适应将士们视听的办法。

故三军可夺气，将军可夺心。是故朝气锐，昼气惰，暮气归。故善用兵者，避其锐气，击其惰归，此治气者也。以治待乱，以静待哗，此治心者也。以近待远，以佚待劳，以饱待饥，此治力者也。无邀正正之旗，勿击堂堂之陈，此治变者也。

敌之兵众，可剥夺其士气；敌之将领，可动摇其决心。初战时气锐，继战时气衰，战至后期，士气就消亡了。因而，善于用兵的人，总是避开敌人的锐气，攻击敌人的惰气、归气（乘敌士气衰败、消亡时实施攻击。）这是从士气上制伏、战胜敌人的办法。用严整的部队对付混乱的部队，用沉着、冷静的部队对付浮躁喧乱的部队，这就是从心理上制伏、战胜敌人的办法，用靠近战场的部队等待远途来奔的敌军，用休整良好的部队等待疲劳困顿的敌军，用饱食的部队对付饥饿的部队，这就是从体力上制伏、战胜敌人的办法。不要拦截敌人严整的军队，不要攻击敌人盛大的军阵，这是以权变对付敌人的办法。

故用兵之法：高陵勿向，背丘勿逆，佯北勿从，锐卒勿攻，饵兵勿食，归师勿遏，围师必阙，穷寇勿迫，此用兵之法也。

用兵的原则是：占据高地的敌人，不要去仰攻；背靠山丘的敌人，不要去迎击；假装败退的敌人，不可跟踪追赶；精锐的敌军，不要去进攻；充当诱饵的小部队，不要去吃掉；回撤的敌人，不要去遏止；包围敌人要网开一面；陷入绝境的敌人，不可逼迫太甚。这些都是用兵的原则啊。

孙子兵法.06.虚实篇

2006-02-08T11:31:00.000+08:00

孙子曰：凡先处战地而待敌者佚，后处战地而趋战者劳，故善战者，致人而不致于人。能使敌人自至者，利之也；能使敌人不得至者，害之也。故敌佚能劳之，饱能饥之，安能动之。

孙子说：大凡先到达战地而等待敌人到来就沉稳、安逸，后到达战地而疾行奔赴应战就紧张、劳顿。因而，善于指挥作战的人，总是设法调动敌人而自己不为敌人所调动。能使敌人主动来上钩的，是诱敌以利；能使敌人不得前来的，是相逼以害。因而，敌若闲逸，可使它劳倦，敌若饱食，可使它饥饿，敌若安稳，可使它动乱。

出其所不趋，趋其所不意。行千里而不劳者，行于无人之地也。攻而必取者，攻其所不守也；守而必固者，守其所不攻也。故善攻者，敌不知其所守；善守者，敌不知其所攻。微乎微乎，至于无形；神乎神乎，至于无声，故能为敌之司命。进而不可御者，冲其虚也；退而不可追者，速而不可及也。故我欲战，敌虽高垒深沟，不得不与我战者，攻其所必救也；我不欲战，画地而守之，敌不得与我战者，乖其所之也。

在敌人无法紧急救援的地方出击，在敌人意想不到的条件下进攻。行军千里而不劳顿的原因，是行进在敌人无设防的地方；进攻而必取的原因，是进攻敌人不能固守的地方；防守而一定稳固，是在敌人不可能进攻的地方防守。因而，善于进攻的人，敌人不知该于何处设防；善于防守的人，敌人不知该于何处进攻。微妙啊，微妙啊，达到了无形可窥的境界；神奇啊，神奇啊，以至于不露一丝声息的程度，因而能成为敌人命运的主宰者。进攻而敌方不可抵御，那是冲击在敌人的薄弱环节；撤退而敌人不可追及，那是行动神速，敌人追之不及。我想与敌交战，虽然敌人高筑防御工事也不得不出来与我交战，是因为我攻击它必然要救援的地方；我不想同敌交战，只要在地上画个界线便可守住，敌人无法与我交锋，是因为我设法调动它，使它背离所要进攻的方向。

故形人而我无形，则我专而敌分；我专为一，敌分为十，是以十攻其一也，则我众而敌寡；能以众击寡者，则吾之所与战者约矣。吾所与战之地不可知，不可知，则敌所备者多；敌所备者多，则吾所与战者寡矣。故备前则后寡，备后则前寡；备左则右寡，备右则左寡；无所不备，则无所不寡。寡者，备人者也；众者，使人备己者也。

因此，示敌以假像而我不露真情，那么，我就可以集中兵力而敌势必分散兵力。我集中兵力为一处，敌分散兵力为十处，这就形成局部的以十攻一的态势，那么，我就兵力众多而敌人就兵力寡少了；能以众多兵力对付寡少兵力，与我交战的敌人就陷入困境了。我与敌交战的地点敌人不知道，不知道，那么敌人防备的方面就多；敌人防备的方面多，在局部与我交战的敌兵就少了啊。着重防备前方，后方就薄弱；着重防备后方，前方就薄弱；着重防备左翼，右翼就薄弱；着重防备右翼，左翼就薄弱；无处不防备，那就无处不薄弱。造成兵力薄弱的原因就是处处设防啊，形成兵力集中的优势在于迫使敌人处处防备我啊。

故知战之地、知战之日，则可千里而会战；不知战地、不知战日，则左不能救右、右不能救左，前不能救后、后不能救前，而况远者数十里、近者数里乎？以吾度之，越人之兵虽多，亦奚益于胜败哉？故曰：胜可为也。敌虽众，可使无斗。

知道作战的地点、知道作战的时间，哪怕奔赴千里也可如期会合交战；不知作战地点、不知作战时间，那就左翼也难救右翼，右翼也难救左翼；前军难救后军，后军难救前军；何况远者相隔几十里、近者相隔几里的呢？依我推测，越国的兵力虽然众多，又于胜利有何补益呢？敌人虽多，可使它无法战斗。

故策之而知得失之计，作之而知动静之理，形之而知死生之地，角之而知有余不足之处。故形兵之极，至于无形。无形，则深间不能窥、智者不能谋。因形而错胜于众，众不能知。人皆知我所以胜之形，而莫知吾所以制胜之形。故其战胜不复，而应形于无穷。

分析研究双方情况，可得知双方所处条件的优劣得失；挑动敌人，可了解敌人的行动规律；侦察战地，可知战地各处是否利于攻守进退；小规模的兵力与敌试探性较量，可知敌人兵力部署的或有余或不足等虚实情况。以假像迷惑敌人的用兵方法运用到极至程度，就会不露一丝真迹，使人无形可窥，那么，即使埋藏很深的间谍也不能窥测到实情，即使很有智谋的人也无法设谋。通过以假像迷惑敌人的“示形”方法取得的胜利放置在众人面前，众人不能了解其中的因由，众人都知道我取胜的外在作战状况，而没有谁了解我导致胜利所用的内在方略。因而，我取胜的谋略方法不重复，而随着敌情变化所采取的应变“示形”方法是无穷无尽的。

夫兵形象水。水之形，避高而趋下；兵之形，避实而击虚。水因地而制流，兵因敌而制胜。故兵无常势，水无常形，能因敌变化而取胜者，谓之神。故五行无常胜，四时无常位，日有短长，月有死生。

用兵的规律有如流水的规律。流水的规律是避开高处趋向低处；用兵的规律是避开实处攻击虚处。水流根据地形决定流向，用兵根据敌情采取致胜方略。战争无固定不变的态势，流水无固定不变的流向。能随着敌情发展变化而采取灵活变化的措施取胜的人，才称得上是神秘莫测的高明者。须知五行是没有常胜的，四时是没有不更替的，日照的时间也有短有长，月亮也有晦有朔。

孙子兵法.05.势篇

2006-02-08T11:23:00.000+08:00

孙子曰：凡治众如治寡，分数是也；斗众如斗寡，形名是也；三军之众，可使必受敌而无败者，奇正是也；兵之所加，如以投卵者，虚实是也。

孙子说：大凡治理大部队与治理小分队原理是一样的，抓住编制员额有异这个特点就行了；指挥大部队战斗与指挥小分队战斗基本原理是一样的，掌握部队建制规模及其相应的名称不同这个特点就行了。统帅三军兵士，能让他们一定立于受敌而不败的地位的话，就在于巧妙地运用奇兵、正兵；军队所指之处，像以石击卵一样，就在于灵活运用虚实，以实击虚。

凡战者，以正合，以奇胜。故善出奇者，无穷如天地，不竭如江河。终而复始，日月是也；死而复生，四时是也。声不过五，五声之变，不可胜听也；色不过五，五色之变，不可胜观也；味不过五，五味之变，不可胜尝也；战势不过奇正，奇正之变，不可胜穷也。奇正相生，如循环之无端，孰能穷之？

大凡作战，以正兵交合，以奇兵取胜。善于出奇制胜的人，他的妙法是丰富多彩、层出不穷的，就像天地万物的变化无穷，就像江河流水的奔腾不息。周而复始，日月运行就是这样；去了又来，四季更替就是这样。音阶不过五个，但五个音阶融合演奏的音乐却是赏听不尽的；原色不过五种，但五种颜色调和绘成的画图之美是观赏不完的；原味不过五种，但五味调配的滋味却是品尝不尽的；作战的基本方式，不外乎奇正两种，但奇正的变化运用，却是无穷无尽的。奇与正相互转化，就像顺着圆环旋转一样没有尽头，有谁能穷尽它呢？

激水之疾，至于漂石者，势也；鸷鸟之疾，至于毁折者，节也。是故善战者，其势险，其节短。势如弩，节如发机。

湍急的流水疾速奔泻，以至于能冲走石头，这便是势;鸷鸟疾飞，竟至于毁折，这是击发节奏掌握得准确。因而，善于作战的人，他所造成的态势是险峻的，他发动攻势的节奏是短促的。势就像张满待发的弓弩，节就是触发的弩机。

纷纷纭纭，斗乱而不可乱也；浑浑沌沌，形圆而不可败也。乱生于治，怯生于勇，弱生于强。治乱，数也；勇怯，势也；强弱，形也。故善动敌者，形之，敌必从之；予之，敌必取之，以利动之，以卒待之。

人马攒动，纷纷纭纭，在混战中指挥战斗一定不可使行阵混乱;浑浑沌沌，结为圆阵就不会战败。战场上，一方的混乱产生于对方的严整；一方的怯懦产生于对方的勇敢；一方的弱小产生于对方的强大。或严整或混乱，是由各自部队素质决定的；或勇或怯，是由各自所处态势决定的；或强或弱，是由各自的军队实力表现出来的。因而，善于调动敌人的高明的指挥员，就善于故意给对方以假的表象，敌人就会根据这个假像作出相应的错误举动；给敌人一点利益，敌人就一定来取。以小利来调动敌人，以严整的伏兵来等待敌人进入圈套。

故善战者，求之于势，不责于人，故能择人而任势。任势者，其战人也，如转木石。木石之性，安则静，危则动，方则止，圆则行。故善战人之势，如转圆石于千仞之山者，势也。

因此，高明的指挥员，总是从自己造“势”中去追求胜利，而不苛求部下以苦战取胜。因而，他能恰当地选择人材巧妙地任用“势”。善于任用“势”的人，他指挥军队作战，就像转动木、石一样。木、石的禀性，置于平地则静止，置于高峭之地则滑动；方形静止，圆形滚动。善于指挥作战的人所造成的态势就像从千仞之高的山上滚下圆石一样。这便是兵法上的“势”。

孙子兵法.04.形篇

2006-02-08T11:22:00.000+08:00

孙子曰：昔之善战者，先为不可胜，以待敌之可胜。不可胜在己，可胜在敌。故善战者，能为不可胜，不能使敌之可胜。故曰：胜可知而不可为。

孙子说：古代善于指挥作战的人，总是先创造条件使自己处于不可战胜的地位，然后等待敌人能被我战胜的时机。做到不可战胜，关键在于自己创造充分的条件；可以战胜敌人，关键在于敌人出现可乘之隙。因而，善于作战的人，能做到自己不可战胜，不能使敌人一定被我战胜。所以说，胜利可以预测，但不可强求。

不可胜者，守也；可胜者，攻也。守则不足，攻则有余（竹简为：守则有余，攻则不足）。善守者，藏于九地之下，善攻者，动于九天之上，故能自保而全胜也。

有了不可战胜的条件，就可以守；敌方出现了可胜之隙，就可以攻。守，应依靠自己不可战胜，力有裕如；攻，要针对敌方弱点、不足，举兵必克。善于防守的人，如同深藏于地底，使敌人无形可窥；善于进攻的人，如同神兵自九天而降，使敌措手不及。因而，既能有效地保全自己，又能获取全面的胜利。

见胜不过众人之所知，非善之善者也；战胜而天下曰善，非善之善者也。故举秋毫不为多力，见日月不为明目，闻雷霆不为聪耳。古之所谓善战者，胜于易胜者也。故善战者之胜也，无智名，无勇功。故其战胜不忒，不忒者，其所措必胜，胜已败者也。故善战者，立于不败之地，而不失敌之败也。是故胜兵先胜而后求战，败兵先战而后求胜。善用兵者，修道而保法，故能为胜败之政。

预见胜利不超过一般人的见识，不算高明中最高明的;经过力战而胜，天下人都说好，也不算好中最好的。就像举起秋毫不算力大，看见太阳、月亮不算眼明，听见雷霆不算耳聪一样。古代善战的人，总是取胜于容易战胜的敌人。因而，这些善战者的胜利，既没有智谋的名声，也没有勇武的功劳。他所进行的战争的胜利是不会有丝毫误差的，之所以没有误差，是因为他们所进行的战斗举动是必胜的，是战胜那已处于失败地位的敌人。善于作战的人，总是自己先立于不败之地，而不放过任何一个打败敌人的时机。因此，胜利之师是先具备必胜条件然后再去交战，失败之师总是先同敌人交战，然后期求从苦战中侥幸取胜。善于用兵的人，总是注意修明政治，确保治军法度，所以能成为战争胜负的主宰。

兵法：一曰度，二曰量，三曰数，四曰称，五曰胜。地生度，度生量，量生数，数生称，称生胜。故胜兵若以镒称铢，败兵若以铢称镒。胜者之战民也，若决积水于千仞之溪者，形也。

用兵必须注意：一是土地幅员，二是军赋物资，三是部队兵员战斗实力，四是双方力量对比，五是胜负优劣。度产生于土地幅员的广狭，土地幅员决定军赋物资的多少，军赋物资的多少决定兵员的质量，兵员质量决定部队的战斗力，部队的战斗力决定胜负优劣。所以胜利之师如同以镒对铢，是以强大的军事实力取胜于弱小的敌方，败亡之师如同以铢对镒，是以弱小的军事实力对抗强大的敌方。高明的人指挥部队作战，就像决开千仞之高的山涧积水一样，一泻万丈，这就是强大军事实力啊！

孙子兵法.03.谋攻篇

2006-02-08T11:10:00.000+08:00

孙子曰：凡用兵之法，全国为上，破国次之，全军为上，破军次之；全旅为上，破旅次之；全卒为上，破卒次之；全伍为上，破伍次之。是故百战百胜，非善之善者也；不战而屈人之兵，善之善者也。

孙子说：大凡用兵的原则，使敌举国不战而降是上策，击破敌国使之降服是次一等用兵策略；使敌全军不战而降是上策，击破而取胜是次一等用兵策略；使敌全旅不战而降是上策，击破敌旅而取胜是次一等用兵策略；使敌全卒不战而降是上策，击破敌卒使之降服是次一等策略；使敌全伍不战而降是上策，击破敌伍而取胜是次一等策略。因此，百战百胜，并非好的用兵策略中最好的，不交战而使敌屈服，才是用兵策略中最好的。

故上兵伐谋，其次伐交，其次伐兵，其下攻城。攻城之法为不得已。修橹，具器械，三月而后成，距又三月而后已。将不胜其忿而蚁附之，杀士三分之一而城不拔者，此攻之灾也。

因而，最好的用兵策略是以谋略胜敌，其次是以外交手段胜敌，再其次是通过野战交兵胜敌，最下等的是攻城。攻城是在不得已的情况下才采取的（办法）。为了攻城，修造望楼车、车，准备各种攻城器械，三个月才能完成；堆积攻城的土丘，又需三个月才能完成。这时，将帅们已焦躁忿怒异常了，驱赶着士兵像蚂蚁一样去爬城，士卒伤亡三分之一而城还不能攻下，这便是攻城的灾害啊！

故善用兵者，屈人之兵而非战也，拔人之城而非攻也，毁人之国而非久也，必以全争于天下。故兵不顿而利可全，此谋攻之法也。

因此，善于用兵的人，使敌军屈服而不用野战交兵的办法，夺取敌城不用蚁附攻城的办法，消灭敌国而不采用长久用兵的办法。一定本着不诉诸兵刃就使敌完整地屈服的原则争横天下，做到军队不受挫而胜利可全得，这便是谋攻的原则。

故用兵之法，十则围之，五则攻之，倍则分之，敌则能战之，少则能逃之，不若则能避之。故小敌之坚，大敌之擒也。

根据用兵规律，有十倍于敌人的兵力就包围歼灭敌人，有五倍于敌人的兵力就猛烈进攻敌人，有多一倍于敌人的兵力就分割消灭敌人，有与敌相当的兵力则可以抗击，比敌人兵力少时就摆脱敌人，不如敌人兵力强大就避免与敌争锋。小股兵力如果顽固硬拼，就会被强大的对方俘获。

夫将者，国之辅也。辅周，则国必强；辅隙，则国必弱。

将帅，是国君的辅佐。辅佐得周密，国家就强盛；辅佐有疏漏，国家必然衰弱。

故君之所以患于军者三：不知军之不可以进而谓之进，不知军之不可以退而谓之退，是谓“縻军”；不知三军之事，而同三军之政者，则军士惑矣；不知三军之权，而同三军之任，则军士疑矣。三军既惑且疑，则诸侯之难至矣，是谓“乱军引胜”。

君主对军队造成危害的情况有三个方面：不懂得军队不可以前进而命令他们前进，不懂得军队不可以后退而命令他们后退，这叫束缚、羁縻军队；不懂军中事务却干涉军中行政管理，那么，军士就会迷惑；不知军中权谋之变而参与军队指挥，那么将士就会疑虑。如果三军将士既迷惑又疑虑，诸侯乘机起而攻之的灾难就到来了。这就叫自乱其军而丧失了胜利。

故知胜有五：知可以战与不可以战者胜，识众寡之用者胜，上下同欲者胜，以虞待不虞者胜，将能而君不御者胜。此五者，知胜之道也。

预测胜负有五条：懂得什么条件下可以战，什么条件下不可以战的，胜；懂得众与寡的灵活运用的，胜；上下一心，同仇敌忾的，胜；以有准备之师击无准备之敌的，胜；将领富于才能而君主又不从中干预牵制的，胜。这五条就是预知胜负的途径。

故曰：知彼知己者，百战不殆；不知彼而知己，一胜一负，不知彼，不知己，每战必殆。

因此，可以说：了解对方也了解自己的，百战不败；不了解对方而了解自己的，胜负各半；不了解对方，也不了解自己的，每战必败。

孙子兵法.02.作战篇

2006-02-08T11:06:00.000+08:00

孙子曰：凡用兵之法，驰车千驷，革车千乘，带甲十万，千里馈粮，则内外之费，宾客之用，胶漆之材，车甲之奉，日费千金，然后十万之师举矣。其用战也胜，久则钝兵挫锐，攻城则力屈，久暴师则国用不足。夫钝兵挫锐，屈力殚货，则诸侯乘其弊而起，虽有智者，不能善其后矣。故兵闻拙速，未睹巧之久也。夫兵久而国利者，未之有也。故不尽知用兵之害者，则不能尽知用兵之利也。

孙子说，根据一般作战常规，出动战车千乘，运输车千辆，统兵十万，沿途千里转运粮草，内外的日常开支，使者往来的费用，修缮武器用的胶漆、战车所需的膏油、修甲所需的金革等等，每日须耗费千金，作好了这些准备后，十万大军才能出动啊！所以，用兵打仗就要做到胜任裕如，举兵必克，否则，长久僵持，兵锋折损、锐气被挫，攻城就力竭，长期陈兵国外则国内资财不足。如果兵锋折损，锐气受挫、兵力耗尽、财政枯竭，那么，其他诸侯国就会趁这个困顿局面举兵进攻，即使睿智高明的人也难以收拾好这个局面。用兵打仗，只听说计谋不足但靠神速取胜的，没有听说有计谋却要拖延战争时日的。战争时间长而对国家有利这种事，从来就没有过。因此，不能全面了解战争害处的人，也就不能真正懂得战争的有利之处。

善用兵者，役不再籍，粮不三载；取用于国，因粮于敌，故军食可足也。

善于用兵的人，兵员不再次征调，粮饷不再三转运。各项军用从国内取得后，粮草补给在敌国就地解决，那么，军粮就可满足了。

国之贫于师者远输，远输则百姓贫。近于师者贵卖，贵卖则百姓财竭，财竭则急于丘役。力屈、财殚，中原内虚于家。百姓之费，十去其七；公家之费，破车罢马，甲胄矢弩。戟蔽橹，丘牛大车，十去其六。

国家由于兴兵而造成贫困的原因是长途运输。长途转运军需，百姓就会贫困。军队经过的地方物价高涨，物价上涨就会使百姓财物枯竭，财物枯竭就汲汲于应付赋役。民力耗尽，财物枯竭，国内家家空虚，百姓的资财耗去了十分之七。国家的资财，战车破损了，战马疲病了，盔甲、矢弩、矛盾、牛、车之类，耗去了十分之六。

故智将务食于敌。食敌一钟，当吾二十钟；

因而，高明的将领务求从敌方夺取粮草。就地从敌方夺取粮食一钟，相当于自己从本国运出二十钟；就地夺取敌人饲草一石，相当于自己从本国运出二十石。

故杀敌者，怒也；取敌之利者，货也。故车战得车十乘已上，赏其先得者，而更其旌旗，车杂而乘之，卒善而养之，是谓胜敌而益强。

激励士卒奋勇杀敌，是使之威怒；鼓励将士夺取敌人资财，要用财物奖励。因此在车战中，凡缴获战车十辆以上的，奖赏那先夺得战车的士卒，并且更换敌战车上的旌旗，将其混合编入自己的车阵之中，对于俘虏，则予优待、抚慰，任用他们作战，这就是所谓战胜敌人而使自己日益强大

故兵贵胜，不贵久。故知兵之将，生民之司命，国家安危之主也。

所以，用兵作战以胜任裕如，举兵必克为贵，不主张力不从心，僵持消耗。深知用兵之法的将帅，是民众命运的掌握者，是国家安危的啊！

孙子兵法.01.计篇

2006-02-08T11:03:00.000+08:00

孙子曰：兵者，国之大事，死生之地，存亡之道，不可不察也。

战争，是国家的头等大事，是关系民众生死的所在，是决定国家存亡的途径，不能不认真加以考察、研究。

故经之以五事校之以计而索其情：一曰道，二曰天，三曰地，四曰将、五曰法。道者，令民与上同意也，故可以与之死，可以与之生，而不畏危。天者，阴阳，寒暑、时制也。地者，远近、险易、广狭、死生也。将者，智、信、仁、勇、严也。法者，曲制、官道、主用也。凡此五者，将莫不闻，知之者胜，不知者不胜。故校之以计而索其情，曰：主孰有道？将孰有能？天地孰得？法令孰行？兵众孰强？士卒孰练？赏罚孰明？吾以此知胜负矣。

应该以五个方面的情实为纲，通过具体比较双方的基本条件来探讨战争胜负的情形：一是“道”，二是“天”，三是“地”，四是“将”，五是“法”。所谓“道”，就是从政治上使民众与君主的思想一致，这样，民众就能与君主同生死共患难，誓死效命，毫无二心。所谓“天”，就是气候的阴晴、寒暑、四季节令的更替规律等。所谓“地”，就是指行程的远近、地势的险峻或平易，战地的广狭，是死地还是生地等。所谓“将”，就是看将领们是否具备智、信、仁、勇、严五种素质。所谓“法”，就是指部队的组织编制制度，军官的职责范围规定，军需物资的供应管理制度等。大凡这五个方面，将领们没有谁没听说过，但只有透彻掌握了的人才能取胜，没有透彻掌握的人则不能取胜。因而，还要通过比较双方的具体条件来探究战争胜负的情形。这些条件是：双方君主哪一方施政清明、有道？将领哪一方更有才能？天时、地利哪一方占得多？军中法令哪一方执行得好？兵力哪一方更强大？士兵哪一方更训练有素？奖赏与惩罚哪一方更严明？我凭着对这些情况的分析比较，就可知道战争胜负的情形了。

将听吾计，用之必胜，留之；将不听吾计，用之必败，去之。计利以听，乃为之势，以佐其外。势者，因利而制权也。

如果您能接受我的军事思想，任用我领兵作战一定胜利，我就留下；如果您不能接受我的军事思想，用我领兵作战必定失败，我就离开。我的军事思想您认为好并且能够接受，我将为您造成军事上的势，从外辅佐您。所谓造成军事上的势，就是在战争瞬息万变的情况中抓住有利的时机采取恰当的应变行动。

兵者，诡道也。故能而示之不能，用而示之不用，近而示之远，远而示之近；利而诱之，乱而取之，实而备之，强而避之，怒而挠之，卑而骄之，佚而劳之，亲而离之。攻其无备，出其不意。此兵家之胜，不可先传也。

用兵，是以诡诈为原则的。因而，“能”要使敌人看成“不能”，“用”要让敌人看作“不用”。“近”要让敌人看作“远”，“远”要让敌人看作“近”。敌人贪利，就诱之以利而消灭它；敌人混乱，就抓紧时机立刻消灭它；敌人实力雄厚，则须时刻戒备它；敌人精锐强大，就要注意避开它的锋芒；敌人褊急易怒，就挑逗它，使它失去理智；敌人小心谨慎，稳扎稳打，就设法使它骄傲起来；敌人内部和睦，就离间其关系。在敌人没有准备的情况下进攻，在敌人意想不到的条件下出击。这些，是军事家用兵之佳妙奥秘，是不可事先规定或说明的。

夫未战而庙算胜者，得算多也；未战而庙算不胜者，得算少也。多算胜，少算不胜，而况于无算乎？吾以此观之，胜负见矣。

未开战而在庙算中就认为会胜利的，是因为具备的致胜条件多；未开战而在庙算中就认为不能胜利的，是具备的致胜条件少。具备致胜条件多就胜，少就不胜，何况一个致胜条件也不具备的呢？我从这些对比分析来看，胜负的情形就得出来了！